KONTESTASI KUASAATAS UNDANG-UNDANG PRODUK TEMBAKAU DI MEDIA (UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR: 36 TAHUN 2009)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24090/komunika.v9i2.855Keywords:
Contestation, Power, MediaAbstract
The bacground of this study is the issue of Act Number 39, 2009 concerning Health, which is considered destrimental to tobaccoo industry, especially farmers, and also raises some debates. Theoretical framework of this study consists of agency and stucturization theories. This study was analyzed with discourse analysis using three strategies: (1) institutional strategy, i.e. to see institutionally the pro and contra about health regulation on addictive substances and tobacco; (2) social strategy, i.e. to see arguments of group of society as a respond to the regulation and to defferentiate empowering and disempowering orientation; (3) ironic strategy: to place the discourse of tobacco in relation to public health by explaining the increase of self-monitoring and discipline, which seems to foster the new growth quickly (proleferation), but ironically tends to lower the ceredibility. This study found that: (1) Parties that reject the regulation argue that government does not consider the contribution of the income from tobacco custom, the job vacancy offered by tobacco industry, tobacco farmers, and local government commodity. (2) Parties that support the regulation argue that cigarettes contain addictive substance, are dangerous to active and passive smokers, can cause cancer, heart attack, and increase mortality rate. (3) Nahdlatul Ulama is one of Islamic social organizations that reject the regulation as well as reject the disagree with the statement ’haram’ for smoking with the consideration that there is no text to judge that law. Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2009 tentang Kesehatan diundangkan oleh Negara, dianggap merugikan industri pertembakauan, dan khususnya para petani, dan mengundang berbagai perdebatan. Framework teoretis yang membangun sistem berpikir dalam kajian ini adalah agency dan strukturisasi. Teknis analisisnya adalah analisis wacana menggunakan tiga strategi, yaitu (1) Strategi institusional; sejauhmana melihat wacana pro kontra regulasi Kesehatan tentang zat adictive  dan tembakau secara institusional. (2) strategi sosial, dengan melihat argumentasi kelompok masyarakat atas respon regulasi tersebut dengan membedakan orientasi pemberdayaan (empowering) dan bukan pemberdayaan (disempowering). (3) strategi ironic, dengan menempatkan wacana tembakau dari perspektif spesifik terkait dengan kesehatan masyarakat yang menjelaskan peningkatan self-monitoring and discipline, yang seolah-olah mendorong pertumbuhan baru secara cepat (proleferation), dan ironis yang cenderung menurunkan kredibilitas. Hasil penelitian ini adalah: 1) Pihak yang menolak pemberlakuan regulasi, berargumentasi bahwa pemerintah tidak memperhatikan kontribusi melalui cukai kepada pendapatan negara, penyerapan tenaga kerja yang sangat signifikan untuk masyarakat industri, dan para petani tembakau dan menjadi komoditas andalan pemerintah daerah. Di samping itu, kontrol industri multinasional asing, WHO, FCTC, dan Kementerian Kesehatan, serta NGO masuk kawasan negara berkembang, baik melalui kegiatan akademis, keagamaan, industri global untuk menguasai dan menggantikan produk rokok yang bebas ’zat adiktif’, dan berakhir meminggirkan produksi kretek lokal. 2) Pihak yang mendukung pemberlakuan regulasi rokok, berdasar pada kandungan rokok yang mengandung zat adiktif; membahayakan bagi perokok aktif dan pasif, dan mengakibatkan kanker, jantung, dan bahkan meningkatkan angka kematian. Hal ini didukung oleh lembaga WHO, FCTC, Kementerian kesehatan, berbagai ormas Islam (Muhammadiyah dan ormas Islam lain) melalui MUI, dan Kelompok LSM yang konsern di bidang kesehatan dan lingkungan hidup. 3) Nahdlatul Ulama adalah salah satu ormas Islam yang menolak atas pemberlakuan regulasi tersebut dan juga menolak penetapan rokok/merokok adalah haram atas pertimbangan secara teks, bahwa tidak ada dalil yang dapat digunakan untuk penetapan “haram mutlakâ€.Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Barker, Chris. The Sage Dictionary of Cultural Studies. London & New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2004.
Barthes, R. Elements of Semiology, tr.A. Lavers & C. Smith. London: Jonanthan Cape, 1967.
Bourdieu, Pierre and Wacquant. An invitation to Reflective Sociology. Cambridge: Politity Press, 1992.
Bourdieu and Wacquant, Loic J..D. An Invitation to Reflective Sociology, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992.
Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction: A social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, terj. Richard Nice. New York & London: Routledge, 1998.
_____, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. London: Ropoutledge, 1984.
_____, In Other Words: Essays Towards a Reflective Sociology. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990.
_____, The Logic of Practice, terj. Richard Nice. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1990.
Braudel, Fernand. Capitalism and Material Life, 1400–1800, translated by Miriam Kochan. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1973.
Burns, Eic. The Smoke of The Gods: A social History of Tobacco. Philadhelphia: Tempel University Press, 2007.
Disher, Garry. Writing Fiction: An Introduction to the Craft. Australia: Allen & Unwin, 2001.
Don Slater and Fran Tonkiss. Market Society: Markets and Modern Social Theory. Cambridge: Polity, 2001.
Durham, Meenakshi Gigi & Kellner, Douglas M. Media and Culture Studies Key Works. Australia: Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
Collins, Patricia Hill. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Conciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Routledge: New York & London, 2000.
E. Birnbaum, “Vice Triumphant: The Spread of Coffee and Tobacco in Turkey,†The Durham University Journal XLIX (new series vol. XVIII) (1956–1957).
Eagleton, Terry. Ideology: An Introduction. London: Verso, 1991. Richard Swedberg, “Markets as Social Structures,†in The Handbook of
Economic Sociology, eds. Neil J. Smelser and Richard Swedberg. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.
Foucault, Michel., Power/Knowledge = Wacana Kuasa/Pengetahuan: Wawancara Pilihan dan Tulisan-Tulisan Lain 1972-1977. Yogyakarta: Bentang Budaya, 2002.
Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History Of insanity in The Age of Reason. New York: Vintage Books, t.t.
Gans, Herbert J. Popular Culture and High Culture: An Analysis and Evaluation of Taste. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1974.
Goodman, Jordan. Tobacco in History and Culture: An Encyclopedia. New York: Thomson Gale, 2005.
Hammer, Rhonda & Kellner, Douglas (Ed.). Media & Cultural Studies: Critical Approaches. New York: Peteling Publishing, 2009.
Harker, Richard., Mahar, Cheelen., & Wilkes, Chris. An Introduction to the work of Pierre Bourdieu, terj. Pipit Maizier, (Habitus x Modal)+ Ranah=Praktik: Pengantar Paling Komprehensif kepada Pemikiran Pierre Bourdieu. Yogyakarta: Jalasutra, 1990.
Hebdige, Dick. Subculture: The Meaning of Style. London: Routledge, 1979.
Holmes, David. Communication Theory: Media, Technology, Society. London: Sage Publication, 2005.
Issawi, Charles (ed.). The Economic History of the Middle East, 1800–1914: A Book of Readings. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966.
Jordan Goodman. Tobacco in History: The Cultures of Dependence. London: Routledge, 1993.
Laughey, Dan. Key Themes in Media Theory. New York: Open University Press, 2007.
Pretty, Jules. Agri-Culture: Reconnecting People, Land and Culture. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd, 2002.
Bourdieu, Pierre. In Other Words: Essays Towards a Reflexive Sociology. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990.
Ratna, Nyoman Kutha. Sastra dan Cultural Studies: Representasi Fiksi dan Fakta. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2007.
Swedberg, Richard. “Markets as Social Structures,†in The Handbook of Economic Sociology, eds. Neil J. Smelser and Richard Swedberg. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.
Report of a WHO Study Group. The Scientific Basic of Tobacco Product Regulation, Japan: WHO Library, 2006.
Sestini, Viagio di Ritorno da Bassora a Costantinopoli (no place, 1788), 166, quoted in Comes, Histoire, footnote 5, 167. A list of merchandise imported into Egyptduring 1775 can be found in Chabrol, “Essai sur les moeurs,†Description, vol. 2, part 2, 499–503.
Shechter, Relly. Smoking, Culture and Economy in The Middle East: The Egyptian Tobacco Market 1850-2000. London: I.B. Touris, 2006.
Shuttleworth, Alan. People and Culture, di dalam Ann Gray et al. CCCS Selcting Working Papers, Vol. 1, Routledge: New York, 2007.
Storey, John. Cultural Studies and The Study of Popular: Theories and Methods, terj. Laily Rahmawati. Pengantar Komprehensif Teori dan Metode: Cultural Studies dan Kajian Budaya Pop. Yogyakarta: Jalasutra, 2007.
The WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (2003) (11) and The ICD- 10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines (1992). Di dalam Report of a WHO Study Group.
Wallace, A. Ruth & Wolf, Alison. Contemporary Sociological Theory; Continuing the Classical Tradition. News Jersey: Prentic –Hall.Inc, 1995.
Barthes, R. Elements of Semiology, tr.A. Lavers & C. Smith. London: Jonanthan Cape, 1967.
Bourdieu, Pierre and Wacquant. An invitation to Reflective Sociology. Cambridge: Politity Press, 1992.
Bourdieu and Wacquant, Loic J..D. An Invitation to Reflective Sociology, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992.
Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction: A social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, terj. Richard Nice. New York & London: Routledge, 1998.
_____, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. London: Ropoutledge, 1984.
_____, In Other Words: Essays Towards a Reflective Sociology. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990.
_____, The Logic of Practice, terj. Richard Nice. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1990.
Braudel, Fernand. Capitalism and Material Life, 1400–1800, translated by Miriam Kochan. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1973.
Burns, Eic. The Smoke of The Gods: A social History of Tobacco. Philadhelphia: Tempel University Press, 2007.
Disher, Garry. Writing Fiction: An Introduction to the Craft. Australia: Allen & Unwin, 2001.
Don Slater and Fran Tonkiss. Market Society: Markets and Modern Social Theory. Cambridge: Polity, 2001.
Durham, Meenakshi Gigi & Kellner, Douglas M. Media and Culture Studies Key Works. Australia: Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
Collins, Patricia Hill. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Conciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Routledge: New York & London, 2000.
E. Birnbaum, “Vice Triumphant: The Spread of Coffee and Tobacco in Turkey,†The Durham University Journal XLIX (new series vol. XVIII) (1956–1957).
Eagleton, Terry. Ideology: An Introduction. London: Verso, 1991. Richard Swedberg, “Markets as Social Structures,†in The Handbook of
Economic Sociology, eds. Neil J. Smelser and Richard Swedberg. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.
Foucault, Michel., Power/Knowledge = Wacana Kuasa/Pengetahuan: Wawancara Pilihan dan Tulisan-Tulisan Lain 1972-1977. Yogyakarta: Bentang Budaya, 2002.
Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History Of insanity in The Age of Reason. New York: Vintage Books, t.t.
Gans, Herbert J. Popular Culture and High Culture: An Analysis and Evaluation of Taste. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1974.
Goodman, Jordan. Tobacco in History and Culture: An Encyclopedia. New York: Thomson Gale, 2005.
Hammer, Rhonda & Kellner, Douglas (Ed.). Media & Cultural Studies: Critical Approaches. New York: Peteling Publishing, 2009.
Harker, Richard., Mahar, Cheelen., & Wilkes, Chris. An Introduction to the work of Pierre Bourdieu, terj. Pipit Maizier, (Habitus x Modal)+ Ranah=Praktik: Pengantar Paling Komprehensif kepada Pemikiran Pierre Bourdieu. Yogyakarta: Jalasutra, 1990.
Hebdige, Dick. Subculture: The Meaning of Style. London: Routledge, 1979.
Holmes, David. Communication Theory: Media, Technology, Society. London: Sage Publication, 2005.
Issawi, Charles (ed.). The Economic History of the Middle East, 1800–1914: A Book of Readings. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966.
Jordan Goodman. Tobacco in History: The Cultures of Dependence. London: Routledge, 1993.
Laughey, Dan. Key Themes in Media Theory. New York: Open University Press, 2007.
Pretty, Jules. Agri-Culture: Reconnecting People, Land and Culture. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd, 2002.
Bourdieu, Pierre. In Other Words: Essays Towards a Reflexive Sociology. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990.
Ratna, Nyoman Kutha. Sastra dan Cultural Studies: Representasi Fiksi dan Fakta. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2007.
Swedberg, Richard. “Markets as Social Structures,†in The Handbook of Economic Sociology, eds. Neil J. Smelser and Richard Swedberg. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.
Report of a WHO Study Group. The Scientific Basic of Tobacco Product Regulation, Japan: WHO Library, 2006.
Sestini, Viagio di Ritorno da Bassora a Costantinopoli (no place, 1788), 166, quoted in Comes, Histoire, footnote 5, 167. A list of merchandise imported into Egyptduring 1775 can be found in Chabrol, “Essai sur les moeurs,†Description, vol. 2, part 2, 499–503.
Shechter, Relly. Smoking, Culture and Economy in The Middle East: The Egyptian Tobacco Market 1850-2000. London: I.B. Touris, 2006.
Shuttleworth, Alan. People and Culture, di dalam Ann Gray et al. CCCS Selcting Working Papers, Vol. 1, Routledge: New York, 2007.
Storey, John. Cultural Studies and The Study of Popular: Theories and Methods, terj. Laily Rahmawati. Pengantar Komprehensif Teori dan Metode: Cultural Studies dan Kajian Budaya Pop. Yogyakarta: Jalasutra, 2007.
The WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (2003) (11) and The ICD- 10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines (1992). Di dalam Report of a WHO Study Group.
Wallace, A. Ruth & Wolf, Alison. Contemporary Sociological Theory; Continuing the Classical Tradition. News Jersey: Prentic –Hall.Inc, 1995.
Downloads
Published
2017-01-26
Issue
Section
Articles
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
