Studi Historis Kebijakan Fiskal Dalam Islam Pada Era Turki Utsmani (Dinamika Kebijakan Fiskal Kekaisaran Ottoman: Era Kejayaan dan Kemunduran)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24090/ej.v13i2.12338Keywords:
Kata Kunci: Sejarah, Kebijaka, Fiskal, Turki UtsmaniAbstract
ABSTRACT Ottoman Empire, as an Islamic state that reigned for almost 7 centuries, certainly has a long history of managing state revenues and expenditures to maintain economic stability or what is called fiscal policy. This research discusses the history of fiscal policy in Islam during the Ottoman era. This type of research is library research with a historical approach; research material processing techniques are carried out through heuristic, verification, interpretation, and historiography stages. This research shows that the history of Islamic fiscal policy during the Ottoman era can be seen in the glory and decline phases. The phase of progress where fiscally, Ottoman Turkey's income experienced a surplus originating from ghanimah, taxes, tīmār, muḳāṭa'a, and endowments. This income was used to finance war logistics during the period of expansion and development of infrastructure, economy, education, and health. After this glorious phase, Ottoman Turkey began to experience a phase of decline due to many factors, one of which was fiscal policy, which experienced a deficit. This was due to fiscal mismanagement in state financing during the war, the westernization of the Ottoman Turkish economy, and foreign debt. Keywords: History, Policy, Fiscal, Turki Utsmani ABSTRAK Turki Utsmani sebagai salah satu daulah Islamiyah yang bertahta hampir 7 abad lamanya tentu memiliki sejarah panjang dalam pengelolaan pendapatan dan pengeluaran negara guna menjaga stabilitas ekonomi atau disebut kebijakan fiskal. Penelitian ini membahas bagaimana sejarah kebijakan fiskal dalam Islam pada masa Turki Utsmani. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian pustaka dengan pendekatan sejarah, teknik pengolahan bahan penelitian dilakukan melalui tahapan heuristik, verifikasi, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Hasil penelitian ini adalah bahwa sejarah kebijakan fiskal Islam pada masa Turki Utsmani dapat dilihat dalam dua fase, yaitu fase kejayaan dan fase kemunduran. Fase kemajuan dimana secara fiskal pendapatan Turki Utsmani mengalami surplus yang berasal dari ghanimah, pajak, tīmār, muḳāṭa’a dan perwakafan dan pendapatan itu dipergunakan untuk pembiayaan logistik perang selama masa perluasan dan pembangunan infrastruktur, perekonomian, pendidikan dan kesehatan. Setelah fase kejayaan tersebut, Turki Utsmani mulai mengalami fase kemunduran karena banyak faktor, salah satunya adalah karena kebijakan fiskal yang mengalami defisit. Hal ini disebabkan kesalahan pengelolaan fiskal dalam pembiayaan negara selama perang, westernisasi ekonomi Turki Utsmani, dan hutang luar negeri. Kata Kunci: Sejarah, Kebijaka, Fiskal, Turki UtsmaniReferences
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