Kekerasan Seksual terhadap Perempuan dalam Konflik Bersenjata di Tigray Ethiopia dalam Kajian Hukum Internasional
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24090/yinyang.v17i1.6328Keywords:
Sexual Violence, Armed Conflicts, Legal ProtectionAbstract
Sexual violence against women is often used as a military strategy to subdue the enemy. Sexual violence against women can result in the impurity of certain ethnicities due to rape and pregnancy and the humiliation of opponents. This happened in the armed conflict in Tigray-Ethiopia in 2020. This article analyzes the international legal protection of women from sexual violence in armed conflict in Tigray. The discussion shows that the armed conflict between the Central Government of Ethiopia and the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) in 2020 can be categorized as a non-international armed conflict. The absence of preventive and repressive efforts by the two warring parties, especially the central government of Ethiopia, regarding the sexual violence against Tigray women, shows that there is no legal protection for women in armed conflicts. This violates Article 27 of the 4th Geneva Convention of 1949, Article 4 paragraph (2) letter e of Additional Protocol II of 1977, and violates the principles of non-reciprocity, military necessity, distinction, proportionality, and humanity. In addition, sexual violence against women during armed conflict is an international crime under the Rome Statute. Ethiopia is a party to the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the 1977 Additional Protocol and can therefore be held accountable.Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Al Jazeera. (2021). Ethiopia Declares Nationwide State of Emergency. Diunduh dari https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/2/ethiopia-declares-nationwide-state-of-emergency.
BBC News. (2021). Ethiopia’s Tigray War: The Short, Medium and Long Story. Diunduh dari https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54964378.
BBC News. (2021). Tigray Crisis: Eritrea's Role in Ethiopian Conflict”. Diunduh dari https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55295650.
Central Statistics Agency. (2020). Census 2020.
CNN News. (2021). Ethiopia is at War with Itself. Here's What You Need to Know about the Conflict. Diunduh dari https://edition.cnn.com/2021/11/03/africa/ethiopia-tigray-explainer-2-intl/index.html.
Customary International Humanitarian Law (CIHL). (2021). diunduh dari https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/customary-international-humanitarian-law-i-icrc-eng.pdf.
Deliana HZ, Evi. (2011). Penegakan Hukum Humaniter Internasional Dalam Hal Terjadinya Kejahatan Perang Berdasarkan Konvensi Jenewa 1949. Jurnal Ilmu Hukum. Fakultas Hukum Universitas Riau. 2 (1), 263.
Dictionary.com. (2021). Woman. Diunduh dari https://www.dictionary.com/browse/woman.
Direktorat Jenderal Hukum Dan Perundang-Undangan Departemen Kehakiman. (1999). Terjemahan Konvensi Jenewa Tahun 1949. Jakarta: Pengayoman.
DW. (2021). PBB: Kekerasan Seksual dan Kelaparan Jadi Strategi Perang di Tigray. Diunduh dari https://www.dw.com/id/pbb-kekerasan-seksual-jadi-strategi-perang-di-tigray/a-57228813.
Estreicher, Samuel. (2011). Privileging Asymmetric W Privileging Asymmetric Warfare (Part II)?: The "Proportionality" Principle under International Humanitarian Law, Chicago Journal of International Law, 146.
Gebrehiwot, Tagel & van der Veen, Anne. (2013). Climate Change Vulnerability in Ethiopia: Disaggregation of Tigray Region. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 7:(4), 607-629, DOI: 10.1080/17531055.2013.817162.
Henderson, Reece. (2018). Proportionality under International Humanitarian Law: The “Reasonable Military Commander” Standard and Reverberating Effects, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 51, 837.
Hilda. (2010). Perlindungan Hukum Humaniter terhadap Perempuan dari Kekerasan Seksual dalam Sengketa Bersenjata. Jurnal Syiar Hukum. XII (2).
Human Rights Watch. (2021). Ethiopia: Blocking Tigray Aid Harms Rape Survivors. Diunduh dari https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/09/ethiopia-blocking-tigray-aid-harms-rape-survivors.
ICRC. (2022). Treatis, State Parties and Commentaries. Diunduh dari https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/States.xsp?xp_viewStates=XPages_NORMStatesParties&xp_treatySelected=475.
Konvensi Jenewa 1949. (2021). Diunduh dari https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/publications/icrc-002-0173.pdf.
Kusumaatmadja, Mochtar. (2002). Konvensi-Konvensi Palang Merah 1949. Bandung: Alumni.
Melzer, Nils. (2021). Hukum Humaniter Internasional Sebuah Pengantar Komprehensif. Jakarta: ICRC.
Permanasari, Arlina dkk. (1999). Pengantar Hukum Humaniter. Jakarta: International Committee of The Red Cross.
Political Economy. (2021). Research Institute. Modern Conflict: Conflict Profile. Diunduh dari http UNICEF. (2021, 29 November). Situation Analysis for Children and Women: Tigray Region. Diunduh dari https://www.unicef.org/ethiopia/media/2351/file/Tigray%20region%20.pdf.
Prasetiawan, E., Astuti, E., Amnijar, H. and Artha, F. (2018). Distinction Principle in International Humanitarian Law Related to Civilian Objects and Military Objects, ICPS.
Regional State of Tigray. (2016, November). Socio-Economic Baseline Survey Report of Tigray, Regional State.
Re-Tawon. (2021). Ujung Tombak Komitas Tigray. Diunduh dari https://www.re-tawon.com/2020/11/tplf-ujung-tombak-komunitas-tigray-di.html.
Schimtt, Michael N. (2011). Military Neccesity and Humanity in International Humanitarian Law: Preserving the Delicate Balance. Virginia Journal of International Law. 50 (4).
The Federal Republic of Ethiopia. (2021). Basic Information. Diunduh dari https://web.archive.org/web/20070926215018/http://www.ethiopar.net/English/basinfo/infotgry.htm.
Tirto. (2021). Apa Itu Perlindungan Hukum dan Syarat untuk Mendapatkannya. Diunduh dari https://tirto.id/gawF.
UNHCR. (2021). Ethiopia’s Tigray Emergency. Diunduh dari https://www.unhcr.org/ethiopia-tigray-emergency.html.
Verri, Pietro. (1992). Dictionary of the International Law of Armed Conflict. Geneve: ICRC.
World Population Review. (2021). Ethiopia Population. Diunduh dari https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/ethiopia-population
BBC News. (2021). Ethiopia’s Tigray War: The Short, Medium and Long Story. Diunduh dari https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54964378.
BBC News. (2021). Tigray Crisis: Eritrea's Role in Ethiopian Conflict”. Diunduh dari https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55295650.
Central Statistics Agency. (2020). Census 2020.
CNN News. (2021). Ethiopia is at War with Itself. Here's What You Need to Know about the Conflict. Diunduh dari https://edition.cnn.com/2021/11/03/africa/ethiopia-tigray-explainer-2-intl/index.html.
Customary International Humanitarian Law (CIHL). (2021). diunduh dari https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/customary-international-humanitarian-law-i-icrc-eng.pdf.
Deliana HZ, Evi. (2011). Penegakan Hukum Humaniter Internasional Dalam Hal Terjadinya Kejahatan Perang Berdasarkan Konvensi Jenewa 1949. Jurnal Ilmu Hukum. Fakultas Hukum Universitas Riau. 2 (1), 263.
Dictionary.com. (2021). Woman. Diunduh dari https://www.dictionary.com/browse/woman.
Direktorat Jenderal Hukum Dan Perundang-Undangan Departemen Kehakiman. (1999). Terjemahan Konvensi Jenewa Tahun 1949. Jakarta: Pengayoman.
DW. (2021). PBB: Kekerasan Seksual dan Kelaparan Jadi Strategi Perang di Tigray. Diunduh dari https://www.dw.com/id/pbb-kekerasan-seksual-jadi-strategi-perang-di-tigray/a-57228813.
Estreicher, Samuel. (2011). Privileging Asymmetric W Privileging Asymmetric Warfare (Part II)?: The "Proportionality" Principle under International Humanitarian Law, Chicago Journal of International Law, 146.
Gebrehiwot, Tagel & van der Veen, Anne. (2013). Climate Change Vulnerability in Ethiopia: Disaggregation of Tigray Region. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 7:(4), 607-629, DOI: 10.1080/17531055.2013.817162.
Henderson, Reece. (2018). Proportionality under International Humanitarian Law: The “Reasonable Military Commander” Standard and Reverberating Effects, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 51, 837.
Hilda. (2010). Perlindungan Hukum Humaniter terhadap Perempuan dari Kekerasan Seksual dalam Sengketa Bersenjata. Jurnal Syiar Hukum. XII (2).
Human Rights Watch. (2021). Ethiopia: Blocking Tigray Aid Harms Rape Survivors. Diunduh dari https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/09/ethiopia-blocking-tigray-aid-harms-rape-survivors.
ICRC. (2022). Treatis, State Parties and Commentaries. Diunduh dari https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/States.xsp?xp_viewStates=XPages_NORMStatesParties&xp_treatySelected=475.
Konvensi Jenewa 1949. (2021). Diunduh dari https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/publications/icrc-002-0173.pdf.
Kusumaatmadja, Mochtar. (2002). Konvensi-Konvensi Palang Merah 1949. Bandung: Alumni.
Melzer, Nils. (2021). Hukum Humaniter Internasional Sebuah Pengantar Komprehensif. Jakarta: ICRC.
Permanasari, Arlina dkk. (1999). Pengantar Hukum Humaniter. Jakarta: International Committee of The Red Cross.
Political Economy. (2021). Research Institute. Modern Conflict: Conflict Profile. Diunduh dari http UNICEF. (2021, 29 November). Situation Analysis for Children and Women: Tigray Region. Diunduh dari https://www.unicef.org/ethiopia/media/2351/file/Tigray%20region%20.pdf.
Prasetiawan, E., Astuti, E., Amnijar, H. and Artha, F. (2018). Distinction Principle in International Humanitarian Law Related to Civilian Objects and Military Objects, ICPS.
Regional State of Tigray. (2016, November). Socio-Economic Baseline Survey Report of Tigray, Regional State.
Re-Tawon. (2021). Ujung Tombak Komitas Tigray. Diunduh dari https://www.re-tawon.com/2020/11/tplf-ujung-tombak-komunitas-tigray-di.html.
Schimtt, Michael N. (2011). Military Neccesity and Humanity in International Humanitarian Law: Preserving the Delicate Balance. Virginia Journal of International Law. 50 (4).
The Federal Republic of Ethiopia. (2021). Basic Information. Diunduh dari https://web.archive.org/web/20070926215018/http://www.ethiopar.net/English/basinfo/infotgry.htm.
Tirto. (2021). Apa Itu Perlindungan Hukum dan Syarat untuk Mendapatkannya. Diunduh dari https://tirto.id/gawF.
UNHCR. (2021). Ethiopia’s Tigray Emergency. Diunduh dari https://www.unhcr.org/ethiopia-tigray-emergency.html.
Verri, Pietro. (1992). Dictionary of the International Law of Armed Conflict. Geneve: ICRC.
World Population Review. (2021). Ethiopia Population. Diunduh dari https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/ethiopia-population
Downloads
Published
2022-06-28
How to Cite
Puspita, N. Y., Fahira, N., & Andhika, R. (2022). Kekerasan Seksual terhadap Perempuan dalam Konflik Bersenjata di Tigray Ethiopia dalam Kajian Hukum Internasional. Yinyang: Jurnal Studi Islam Gender Dan Anak, 17(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.24090/yinyang.v17i1.6328
Issue
Section
Articles
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
