Kebebasan pers dan kesenjangan gender di Filipina pada masa kepemimpinan Presiden Rodrigo Duterte
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24090/yinyang.v15i2.3883Keywords:
Philippines, Gender, Policy, PersAbstract
This paper tries to describe how press freedom and gender equality in the Philippines during President Rodrigo Duterte's leadership, and to answer whether the concept of the relationship of press freedom and gender equality in the Philippines also applies. This study is a literature study through the work of other researchers obtained through journals, books and the internet. The results of the study show that the concept of the relationship between freedom of the press and gender equality also applies in the Philippines. This was evidenced by a survey from the Reporters Without Boarders agency which showed press freedom in the Philippines ranked 134 out of 180 countries in 2019, down 1 place from 2018, and a survey from the World Economy Forum which showed the Philippines ranked 16th in 2019, which means it dropped to 6th rank from 2018. Freedom of the press in the Philippines is still problematic because it is hampered by the face, culture of impunity and policies of President Rodrigo Duterte. The issue of press freedom has increased gender inequality in the Philippines. Women in the media in the Philippines contribute to the field of work and content to the media.Downloads
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References
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Baharuddin. (2013). Interaksi Positif Pers. Pemerintah dan Masyarakat. Jurnal Ab-Bayan, 19(27), 45-77
Baker, C.E. (1989). Human Rights and Freedom of Speech. New York: Oxford University Press.
Besley, T., & Burgess, R. The Political Economy Of Government Responsiveness: Theory And Evidence From India. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 11(7), 1415–51.
Brar, Gurpreet Kaur. (2018). Freedom of Press & its Implications. International journal of trens in scientific research and development (IJTSRD), 2 (3), 936-940
Cater, D. (1957). The Fourth Branch of Government. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Chakma, Timita. (2016). Voices From Asian Feminist Activism: Feminist Participatory Action Research: An Effective Framework For Empowering Grossroots Wpmen And Strengthening Feminist Movements In Asia Pasific. Asian Journal Of Women’s Studies. 22(2), 165-173
Chong, A., & La Ferrara, E. Television And Divorce: Evidence From Brazilian Novelas. Journal of the European Economic Association. 7(2), 458–68.
Cohen, Almagor R. (2001). Speech. Media and Ethics- The Limits of Free Expression. New York: Palgrave.
Coronel, Sheila S. (2001). The Media, The Market And Democracy: The Case Of The Philippines. Journal Of The European Institute For Communication And Culture. 8(2), 109-126
Coyne, C. J., & Leeson, P. T. (2004). Read All About It!Understanding The Role Of Media In Economic Development. Kyklos. 5(7), 21–44.
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Djef-Pierre, Monika. (2011). The Difference Engine: Gender Equality. Journalism And The Good Society. Feminist media studies. 11(1), 84-94
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Edilberto N, Alegre., & Doreen G. Fernandez. (1984) The Writer and His Milieu. Manila: De La Salle UniversityPress.
Enikolopov, R., Petrova. M., & Zhuravskaya, E. (2001). Media And Political Persuasion: Evidence From Russia. American Economic Review. 101(14), 3253–85.
Equipo, Nizkor., & Derechos Human Rights. (24 Juni 2005). Updated set of principles for the protection and promotion of human rights through action to combat impunity. Diakses pada 10 Mei 2020 pada http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/impu/principles.html
Esquivel, Valeria., & Sweetman, Caroline. (2016). Gender And Sustainable Development Goals. Gender And Development. 24 (1), 1-8.
Fernandez, Doreen G. (1985). Artists, Writers, Intel-lectuals and the Culture of Crisis. paper dipresentasikan di annual meeting at the Association for Asian Studies, Philadelphia
Fernandez, Doreen G. (2017). Women in Media in the Philippines. Media Asia. 14(4), 183-235.
Freille, S. M., Haque, M. E., & Kneller. R. (2007). A Contribution To The Empirics Of Press Freedom And Corruption. European Journal of Political Economy. 7(23), 838–62.
Getting away with murder. (2015). CPJ Committee to Protect Journalists. Di akses pada 10 Mei 2020, dalam https://cpj.org/reports/2015/10/impunity-index-getting-away-with-murder.ph.
Glantika, Gan An. (2017). Representasi ketidakadilan gender pada film uang panai (Analisis isi kuantitatif ketidakadilan gender dalam film uang panai). Jurnal Komunikasi. 8(2), 65-72
Glasser, Theodore L., & Gleason. Timothy W. (2013). Freedom Of The Press In The Twenty First Century: An Agenda For Thought And Action. Association For Education In Journalism And Mass Communication. 7(11), 1-45
Goodal, Hannah. (2016). Media’s Influence On Gender Stereotype. Media Asia. 23(29), 160-163
Greenwood, Dara. (2010). Gender and Media: Content. Uses. and Impact. Handbook of gender research in psychology. 2(27), 643-668.
Gunther, Elizabeth. (2017). What Communication Scholars Write Abaout: An Analysis Of 80 Years Of Research In High-Impact Journals. Interntional Journal Of Communication. 11(9), 3051-3071
Guseva, Marina. Nakaa. Maunira. et al. (2007). “Press Freedom And Development (An Analysis Of Correlations Between Freedom Of The Press And The Different Dimensions Of Development. Poverty. Governace. And Peaceâ€. Commmunication And Information Sector Of The United Nations Educational Scientific And Cultural Organization. France. 1-127
Habermas, J. (1989). The Structural Trnsformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry Into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge. MA: MIT Press.
Handoyo, P. (2013) Representasi Perempuan dalam Media. 4(3), 137–142.
Happer, Catherine. Philo. Greg. (2013). The Role of the Media in the Construction of Public Belief and Social Change. Journal of Social and Pilitical Psycology..1(2), 321-336
Heyes, Cressida J. (2006). Gender. Bodies. Freedom: Feminist Philosophy across Traditions. Constellations. 13(4), 573-582
Hohenberg, J. (1978). The Professional Journalist. New York: Holt Rineheart Winston.
Idid, Syed Arabi. (2016). Pres Freedom and Responsibility in a developing society. Media Asia. 23(3). 71-83
Immerwahr, John dan Doble John. (1982). Public Attitudes Toward Freedom of the Press. Public Opinion Quarterly. 46(27), 177-194.
Jensen, R. Oster, E. (2009). The Power Of TV: Cable Television And Women’s Status In India. Quarterly Journal of Economics. 44(31), 1024-1057
Kanai, Akane. (2016). DigitalMedia and Gender. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies. 1(1), 1-4
Karman. (2013). Riset Penggunaan Media dan Pekembangan Kini. Jurnal Studi Komunikasi dan Media. 17(1), 103-121
Klaus, Elisabeth. (2009). Media System, Equal Rights and the Freedom of the Press: Gender as a Case In Point. 111-112. Diakses pada 10 Mei 2020 pada https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265225583. diakses pada 9 April 2020
Kompasiana. (2 September 2013). Filipina Negara Paling Berbahaya Bagi Wartawan. Diakses pada 10 Mei 2020 pada https://www.kompasiana.com/infokespro/551ff379a33311aa33b66ea4/filipina-negara-paling-berbahaya-bagi-wartawan.
Lee, Jae Kyung., & Park, Hye Gyong. (2011). Measures of Women’s Status and Gender Inequality in Asia: Issues and Challenges. Asian Journal of Women's Studies. 17(2), 48-72
Leeson, P. T. (2008). Media freedom. political knowledge. and participation. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 22(12), 155–69.
Licuanan, Patricia B. (1986). Some are More Unequal than Others:A Situation Analysis of Low-Income Women in the Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University.
Lubis, S. (2006). Gerakan Feminisme dalam Era Postmodernisme Abad 21.,Jurnal Demokrasi, 5(1), 52-63
Macale, Hector Bryant L. (2006). Things Are Not All As They Seem: The Tale Of The Tabloids. in PJR Reports 12-16.
Manisha, MS., & Mangla, Sunita. (2009). Social Construction of Gender through Mediated Communication in India. Journal of Content. Community & Communication Amity School of Communication . 9(5), 64-67
McQuail, D. (1994). Mass Communication Theory. London: age.
Meiklejohn, A. (1965). Political Freedom: The Constitutional Powers of the People. New York: Oxford University Press.
Miranda, Felipe, et.al. (2011). Chasing the Wind: Assessing Philippine Democracy. U.P. Complex, Commonwealth Avenue Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippipnes: CHRP and United Nations Development Program.
Mitra, Anirudha., Bang. James T., & Arnab Biswas. (2015). Media Freedom and Gender Equality: A Cross-National Instrument Quantile Analysis. Applied Economics Journal. 7(2), 24-52
Mondak. J. J. (1995). Newspapers and political awareness. American Journal of Political Science. 39(17), 513–27.
Naab, Teresa K. (2012). The Relevance of People Attitudes Toward Freedom of Expression in a Changing Media Environment. Journal for Communication Studies. 5 (1), 45-67
Ngelehart, Ronald., Norris, Pippa., & Welzer, Christian. (2002). Gender equality and democracy. Comparative Sociology. 1(3), 321–345.
Nolledo, Jose. (1987). The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines with Highlights of the New Constitution1992 revised edition. Mandaluyong City: National Bookstore. 1992. Diakses pada 10 Mei 2020, pada http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/Constitution/1987_constitution.htm#Bill_of_Rights
Nugroho, Catur. (2018). Relasi kuasa media dan isu gender dalam program televisi di Indonesia. ProTVF. 2(2), 111-126
Nursalim. (2011). Diskriminasi Gender di Media Televisi. Jurnal Perempuan. Agama dan Islam “Marwahâ€. 10(2), 63-78
Ofreneo, Rosalinda Pineda. (1984). The Manipulated Press: AHistory of Philippine Journalism since 1945. Manila:Cacho Hermanos.
Organization, World Health. (2009). Promoting Gender Equality Of Prevent Violence Against Women. WHO Library Cataloguing In Publication Data.
Parliament, European. (2018). Gender Equality in the Media Sector. Policy Department Citizens’ Rights And Constitutional Affairs.
Pennie A, de la Cruz. (1986). Mediawatch: The Image of Filipino Women in the Print Ads. Radio/TV Ads. Three Toprated Radio Serials. Komiks Magazines.Tagalog Movies. and TV Shows. MS. Pilipina.
Piccone, Ted. (2017). Democracy, Gender Equality. and Security. Brookings.
Praler, Michael. Centeno, Dave. (2013). Gender Representation in Philippine Television Advertisements. Diakses pada 10 Mei 2020 dalam https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257663762
Razavi, Shahra. (2016). The 2030 Agenda: Challenges Of Implementation To Attain Gender Equality And Women’s Rights. Gender & Development. 24(1), 25–41
Reyes, Miguel Paolo P. (2012). Rating Philippine Democratization: A Review of Democratization Metrics. Asian Democracy Review. 1(3), 182-198
Ruoho, Iiris., & Torkkola, Sinikka (2018). Journalism and Gender (Toward a Multidimensional Approach). Sciende.com.
Schauer, F. (1982). Free Speech. a Philosophical Enquiry. Cambridge. UK: Cambridge University Press.
Sen, Amartya. (2008). Principles on Freedom of Information Legislation. Diakses pada 10 mei 2020, dalam http://www.al-bab.com/media/articles/artic19a.htm
Sharda, Anika. (2014). Media and Gender Stereotyping: The Need for Media Literacy. International Reseach Journal of Social Sciences. 3(9), 43-49
Siebert, F. T. Peterson., & W. Schramm. (1963). Four Theories of the Press. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Simon, J. (2015). The New Censorship: Inside The Global Battle For Media Freedom [Google Play version]. New York: Columbia University Press.
Sintez, Marcal., & Mateu, Ferran Saez. (2016). “Freedom expression. publc opinion and journalism in the work of John Suart Millâ€. Ramon Llull Journal of Applied Ethics. Diakses pada 10 Mei 2020 dalam https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315417909, 191-206
Suzuki. Yurika, (2012). Inequalities Behind Achievements. Diakses pada 10 Mei 2020 dalam http://www.ide.go.jp
Teodoro, Jr. Luis V., & Rosalinda V, Kabatay. (2001). Mass Media Laws and Regulations in the Philippines – 2nd ed. Singapore: Asian Media Information & Communication Centre.
Tiongson, Nicanor G. (2003). The Politicsof Film Censorship in Philippine Journalism Review.
UN plan of action on the safety of journalists and the issue of impunity. (April, 2012). diakses pada 12 Mei 2020 dalam http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CI/CI/pdf/official_documents/UN-Plan-onSafety-Journalists_EN_UN-Logo.pdf.
Wahab, Azmah, &. Rahim, Syamsuddin. (2013). Kredibiliti Media dan Penyetaraan dalam Perserikatan Pendemokrasian Maklumat di Malaysia. Jurnal Komunikasi Malaysian Journal of Communication. Jilid 29. 1(1), 141-152.
Waluyo, Djoko. (2019). Dinamika Jurnalisme Media Pada Era Digital. Dari Perspektif Kebebasan Pers. Majalah Ilmiah Semi Populer Komunikasi Massa. 15(1), 1-12
Women, Philanthropy.(2019). Male Domination Prevails: Detailing Media’s Gender Imbalance. News and Conversation Women Donors.
World Economy Forum. (2017). The Global Gender Gap Report 2017. Switzerland.
Worldmeters. (2019). Population Of The Philippines (2019 And Historical). Diakses pada 12 Mei 2020 dalam http://www.worldmeters.info/worls-population/philippines-population/
Zamroni, M. (2013). Perempuan dalam kajian komunikasi politik dan gender. XIV(1), 103-132.
Amirell, Stefan Eklof. (2012). Progressive Nationalism And Female Rule In Post-Colonial South And Southeast Asia. Asian Journal Of Woman Studies, 18(2), 35-69.
Anonuevo, Carlos Antonio Q. (2000). An Overview of the Gender Situation in the Philippines. Friedrich Eberto Shiftung Philipine Office.
Anthony, Mely Caballero. (2004). Where on the road to democracy is the Philippines?. Paper diskusi UNISCI, Nanyang Technological University (Singapore), Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies.
Arao, Danila Arana. (2016). Press Freedom. Governance. and Culture of Impunity: The Alarming Case on the Philipises. Diakses pada 10 Mei 2020, pada https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305334236.
Baharuddin. (2013). Interaksi Positif Pers. Pemerintah dan Masyarakat. Jurnal Ab-Bayan, 19(27), 45-77
Baker, C.E. (1989). Human Rights and Freedom of Speech. New York: Oxford University Press.
Besley, T., & Burgess, R. The Political Economy Of Government Responsiveness: Theory And Evidence From India. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 11(7), 1415–51.
Brar, Gurpreet Kaur. (2018). Freedom of Press & its Implications. International journal of trens in scientific research and development (IJTSRD), 2 (3), 936-940
Cater, D. (1957). The Fourth Branch of Government. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Chakma, Timita. (2016). Voices From Asian Feminist Activism: Feminist Participatory Action Research: An Effective Framework For Empowering Grossroots Wpmen And Strengthening Feminist Movements In Asia Pasific. Asian Journal Of Women’s Studies. 22(2), 165-173
Chong, A., & La Ferrara, E. Television And Divorce: Evidence From Brazilian Novelas. Journal of the European Economic Association. 7(2), 458–68.
Cohen, Almagor R. (2001). Speech. Media and Ethics- The Limits of Free Expression. New York: Palgrave.
Coronel, Sheila S. (2001). The Media, The Market And Democracy: The Case Of The Philippines. Journal Of The European Institute For Communication And Culture. 8(2), 109-126
Coyne, C. J., & Leeson, P. T. (2004). Read All About It!Understanding The Role Of Media In Economic Development. Kyklos. 5(7), 21–44.
Daniels. Michael. (13 Oktober 2017). The Gender Gap: What Asia Can Learn From The Philippines. Diakses pada 9 April 2020, dalam https://hcli.org/articles/gender-gap-what-asia-can-learn-philippines.
Djef-Pierre, Monika. (2011). The Difference Engine: Gender Equality. Journalism And The Good Society. Feminist media studies. 11(1), 84-94
Dressel, Björn. (2011). The Philippines: how much real democracy?. Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australia. International Political Science Review. ips.sagepub.com
Edilberto N, Alegre., & Doreen G. Fernandez. (1984) The Writer and His Milieu. Manila: De La Salle UniversityPress.
Enikolopov, R., Petrova. M., & Zhuravskaya, E. (2001). Media And Political Persuasion: Evidence From Russia. American Economic Review. 101(14), 3253–85.
Equipo, Nizkor., & Derechos Human Rights. (24 Juni 2005). Updated set of principles for the protection and promotion of human rights through action to combat impunity. Diakses pada 10 Mei 2020 pada http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/impu/principles.html
Esquivel, Valeria., & Sweetman, Caroline. (2016). Gender And Sustainable Development Goals. Gender And Development. 24 (1), 1-8.
Fernandez, Doreen G. (1985). Artists, Writers, Intel-lectuals and the Culture of Crisis. paper dipresentasikan di annual meeting at the Association for Asian Studies, Philadelphia
Fernandez, Doreen G. (2017). Women in Media in the Philippines. Media Asia. 14(4), 183-235.
Freille, S. M., Haque, M. E., & Kneller. R. (2007). A Contribution To The Empirics Of Press Freedom And Corruption. European Journal of Political Economy. 7(23), 838–62.
Getting away with murder. (2015). CPJ Committee to Protect Journalists. Di akses pada 10 Mei 2020, dalam https://cpj.org/reports/2015/10/impunity-index-getting-away-with-murder.ph.
Glantika, Gan An. (2017). Representasi ketidakadilan gender pada film uang panai (Analisis isi kuantitatif ketidakadilan gender dalam film uang panai). Jurnal Komunikasi. 8(2), 65-72
Glasser, Theodore L., & Gleason. Timothy W. (2013). Freedom Of The Press In The Twenty First Century: An Agenda For Thought And Action. Association For Education In Journalism And Mass Communication. 7(11), 1-45
Goodal, Hannah. (2016). Media’s Influence On Gender Stereotype. Media Asia. 23(29), 160-163
Greenwood, Dara. (2010). Gender and Media: Content. Uses. and Impact. Handbook of gender research in psychology. 2(27), 643-668.
Gunther, Elizabeth. (2017). What Communication Scholars Write Abaout: An Analysis Of 80 Years Of Research In High-Impact Journals. Interntional Journal Of Communication. 11(9), 3051-3071
Guseva, Marina. Nakaa. Maunira. et al. (2007). “Press Freedom And Development (An Analysis Of Correlations Between Freedom Of The Press And The Different Dimensions Of Development. Poverty. Governace. And Peaceâ€. Commmunication And Information Sector Of The United Nations Educational Scientific And Cultural Organization. France. 1-127
Habermas, J. (1989). The Structural Trnsformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry Into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge. MA: MIT Press.
Handoyo, P. (2013) Representasi Perempuan dalam Media. 4(3), 137–142.
Happer, Catherine. Philo. Greg. (2013). The Role of the Media in the Construction of Public Belief and Social Change. Journal of Social and Pilitical Psycology..1(2), 321-336
Heyes, Cressida J. (2006). Gender. Bodies. Freedom: Feminist Philosophy across Traditions. Constellations. 13(4), 573-582
Hohenberg, J. (1978). The Professional Journalist. New York: Holt Rineheart Winston.
Idid, Syed Arabi. (2016). Pres Freedom and Responsibility in a developing society. Media Asia. 23(3). 71-83
Immerwahr, John dan Doble John. (1982). Public Attitudes Toward Freedom of the Press. Public Opinion Quarterly. 46(27), 177-194.
Jensen, R. Oster, E. (2009). The Power Of TV: Cable Television And Women’s Status In India. Quarterly Journal of Economics. 44(31), 1024-1057
Kanai, Akane. (2016). DigitalMedia and Gender. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies. 1(1), 1-4
Karman. (2013). Riset Penggunaan Media dan Pekembangan Kini. Jurnal Studi Komunikasi dan Media. 17(1), 103-121
Klaus, Elisabeth. (2009). Media System, Equal Rights and the Freedom of the Press: Gender as a Case In Point. 111-112. Diakses pada 10 Mei 2020 pada https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265225583. diakses pada 9 April 2020
Kompasiana. (2 September 2013). Filipina Negara Paling Berbahaya Bagi Wartawan. Diakses pada 10 Mei 2020 pada https://www.kompasiana.com/infokespro/551ff379a33311aa33b66ea4/filipina-negara-paling-berbahaya-bagi-wartawan.
Lee, Jae Kyung., & Park, Hye Gyong. (2011). Measures of Women’s Status and Gender Inequality in Asia: Issues and Challenges. Asian Journal of Women's Studies. 17(2), 48-72
Leeson, P. T. (2008). Media freedom. political knowledge. and participation. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 22(12), 155–69.
Licuanan, Patricia B. (1986). Some are More Unequal than Others:A Situation Analysis of Low-Income Women in the Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University.
Lubis, S. (2006). Gerakan Feminisme dalam Era Postmodernisme Abad 21.,Jurnal Demokrasi, 5(1), 52-63
Macale, Hector Bryant L. (2006). Things Are Not All As They Seem: The Tale Of The Tabloids. in PJR Reports 12-16.
Manisha, MS., & Mangla, Sunita. (2009). Social Construction of Gender through Mediated Communication in India. Journal of Content. Community & Communication Amity School of Communication . 9(5), 64-67
McQuail, D. (1994). Mass Communication Theory. London: age.
Meiklejohn, A. (1965). Political Freedom: The Constitutional Powers of the People. New York: Oxford University Press.
Miranda, Felipe, et.al. (2011). Chasing the Wind: Assessing Philippine Democracy. U.P. Complex, Commonwealth Avenue Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippipnes: CHRP and United Nations Development Program.
Mitra, Anirudha., Bang. James T., & Arnab Biswas. (2015). Media Freedom and Gender Equality: A Cross-National Instrument Quantile Analysis. Applied Economics Journal. 7(2), 24-52
Mondak. J. J. (1995). Newspapers and political awareness. American Journal of Political Science. 39(17), 513–27.
Naab, Teresa K. (2012). The Relevance of People Attitudes Toward Freedom of Expression in a Changing Media Environment. Journal for Communication Studies. 5 (1), 45-67
Ngelehart, Ronald., Norris, Pippa., & Welzer, Christian. (2002). Gender equality and democracy. Comparative Sociology. 1(3), 321–345.
Nolledo, Jose. (1987). The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines with Highlights of the New Constitution1992 revised edition. Mandaluyong City: National Bookstore. 1992. Diakses pada 10 Mei 2020, pada http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/Constitution/1987_constitution.htm#Bill_of_Rights
Nugroho, Catur. (2018). Relasi kuasa media dan isu gender dalam program televisi di Indonesia. ProTVF. 2(2), 111-126
Nursalim. (2011). Diskriminasi Gender di Media Televisi. Jurnal Perempuan. Agama dan Islam “Marwahâ€. 10(2), 63-78
Ofreneo, Rosalinda Pineda. (1984). The Manipulated Press: AHistory of Philippine Journalism since 1945. Manila:Cacho Hermanos.
Organization, World Health. (2009). Promoting Gender Equality Of Prevent Violence Against Women. WHO Library Cataloguing In Publication Data.
Parliament, European. (2018). Gender Equality in the Media Sector. Policy Department Citizens’ Rights And Constitutional Affairs.
Pennie A, de la Cruz. (1986). Mediawatch: The Image of Filipino Women in the Print Ads. Radio/TV Ads. Three Toprated Radio Serials. Komiks Magazines.Tagalog Movies. and TV Shows. MS. Pilipina.
Piccone, Ted. (2017). Democracy, Gender Equality. and Security. Brookings.
Praler, Michael. Centeno, Dave. (2013). Gender Representation in Philippine Television Advertisements. Diakses pada 10 Mei 2020 dalam https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257663762
Razavi, Shahra. (2016). The 2030 Agenda: Challenges Of Implementation To Attain Gender Equality And Women’s Rights. Gender & Development. 24(1), 25–41
Reyes, Miguel Paolo P. (2012). Rating Philippine Democratization: A Review of Democratization Metrics. Asian Democracy Review. 1(3), 182-198
Ruoho, Iiris., & Torkkola, Sinikka (2018). Journalism and Gender (Toward a Multidimensional Approach). Sciende.com.
Schauer, F. (1982). Free Speech. a Philosophical Enquiry. Cambridge. UK: Cambridge University Press.
Sen, Amartya. (2008). Principles on Freedom of Information Legislation. Diakses pada 10 mei 2020, dalam http://www.al-bab.com/media/articles/artic19a.htm
Sharda, Anika. (2014). Media and Gender Stereotyping: The Need for Media Literacy. International Reseach Journal of Social Sciences. 3(9), 43-49
Siebert, F. T. Peterson., & W. Schramm. (1963). Four Theories of the Press. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Simon, J. (2015). The New Censorship: Inside The Global Battle For Media Freedom [Google Play version]. New York: Columbia University Press.
Sintez, Marcal., & Mateu, Ferran Saez. (2016). “Freedom expression. publc opinion and journalism in the work of John Suart Millâ€. Ramon Llull Journal of Applied Ethics. Diakses pada 10 Mei 2020 dalam https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315417909, 191-206
Suzuki. Yurika, (2012). Inequalities Behind Achievements. Diakses pada 10 Mei 2020 dalam http://www.ide.go.jp
Teodoro, Jr. Luis V., & Rosalinda V, Kabatay. (2001). Mass Media Laws and Regulations in the Philippines – 2nd ed. Singapore: Asian Media Information & Communication Centre.
Tiongson, Nicanor G. (2003). The Politicsof Film Censorship in Philippine Journalism Review.
UN plan of action on the safety of journalists and the issue of impunity. (April, 2012). diakses pada 12 Mei 2020 dalam http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CI/CI/pdf/official_documents/UN-Plan-onSafety-Journalists_EN_UN-Logo.pdf.
Wahab, Azmah, &. Rahim, Syamsuddin. (2013). Kredibiliti Media dan Penyetaraan dalam Perserikatan Pendemokrasian Maklumat di Malaysia. Jurnal Komunikasi Malaysian Journal of Communication. Jilid 29. 1(1), 141-152.
Waluyo, Djoko. (2019). Dinamika Jurnalisme Media Pada Era Digital. Dari Perspektif Kebebasan Pers. Majalah Ilmiah Semi Populer Komunikasi Massa. 15(1), 1-12
Women, Philanthropy.(2019). Male Domination Prevails: Detailing Media’s Gender Imbalance. News and Conversation Women Donors.
World Economy Forum. (2017). The Global Gender Gap Report 2017. Switzerland.
Worldmeters. (2019). Population Of The Philippines (2019 And Historical). Diakses pada 12 Mei 2020 dalam http://www.worldmeters.info/worls-population/philippines-population/
Zamroni, M. (2013). Perempuan dalam kajian komunikasi politik dan gender. XIV(1), 103-132.
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Published
2020-12-01
How to Cite
Nurhalizah, M. E., & Yuwafik, M. H. (2020). Kebebasan pers dan kesenjangan gender di Filipina pada masa kepemimpinan Presiden Rodrigo Duterte. Yinyang: Jurnal Studi Islam Gender Dan Anak, 15(2), 163–182. https://doi.org/10.24090/yinyang.v15i2.3883
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