Perempuan Arabia dalam Lingkaran Perkawinan di Era Pra-Islam
Sebuah Kajian Sejarah untuk Memahami Posisi Perempuan dalam Sistem Perkawinan Islam
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24090/yinyang.v14i2.3044Keywords:
women, pre-Islam, marriage, history, legal systemAbstract
The issue of the position of women is a matter that invites much debate among feminists and observers of gender equality. Different perspectives and paradigms of thinking lead to differences of opinion in resolving these problems. This paper examines the position of women in the Islamic marriage system by reflecting it on the marriage system in the pre-Islamic era through a historical approach to understanding the position of women in the marriage environment. History shows that the position of women in marriage in pre-Islamic times has an unfavorable position. This is due to the division of roles according to their respective gender, where in the end it creates inequality in social life. In Arabian society, men are tasked with defending and maintaining all family members, responsible for meeting all the needs of family members. Consequently men monopolize leadership at all levels. Patriarchal culture dominates, so marriage becomes more synonymous with a contract of sale where women are considered to be nothing more than an object being sold. In addition, the killing of female infants is a custom in Arab society and women who are caught in war are usually made into concubines. Islam came by renewing the Arab community’s marriage system. Various innovations introduced by the Koran to improve the dignity of women at that time were only the initial stages, which were in accordance with the patrilineal context. Therefore, patrilineal at that time was a situation which had to be consolidated by Islam, and not institutionalized. An understanding of the pre-Islamic marriage system is important in order to be able to see clearly how the position of women in the Islamic marriage system is actually far more advanced than before.Downloads
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References
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Watt, Montgomery. (1988). Muhammad’s Mecca: History in the Qur’an. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Zahrawi, As-Sayyid ‘Abd al-Hamid al-. (1958). Tokoh Wanita Sebelum dan Sesudah Islam, terj. Ali Ahmad Zen. t.tp: Al-Ma’arif.
‘Ati, Hammudah ‘Abd al-. (1977). The Family Structure in Islam. Indianapolis: American Trust Publication, 1977.;
Amal, Taufik Adnan. (2005). Rekonstruksi Sejarah Al-Qur’an, cet. 1. Jakarta: Pustaka Alvabet.
Arfa, Faisar Ananda. (1996). Sejarah Pembentukan Hukum Islam: Studi Kritis tentang Hukum Islam di Barat. Jakarta: Pustaka Firdaus.
Caskel, Werner. (1999). “The Bedouinization of Arabia,†dalam dalam F. E. Peters (ed), The Arabs and Arabia on the Eve of Islam (The Formation of the Classical Islamic World: Vol. 3). Brookfield, USA: Ashgate Publishing Company.
Coulson, Noel J. (1964). A History of Islamic Law. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Universty Press.
Coulson, Noel J., and Hinchcliffe, Doreen (1978). “Women and Law Reform in Contemporary Islam,†dalam Women in the Muslim World, editor: Lois Beck and Nikkie Kiddie. Cambridge, Massachussett, and London, England: Havard University Press, 1978.
Engineer, Asghar Ali. (1994). Hak-hak Perempuan dalam Islam, terj. Farid Wajidi & Cici Farha, cet. 2. Yogyakarta: LSPPA.
Esposito, John L., and Delong-Bas, Natana J. (2001). Women in Muslim Family Law, second edition. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 2001.
Haykal, Husein. (1993). The Life of Muhammad, terj. Isma’il Raji al-Faruqi. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust.
Hitti, Philip K. (1968). History of the Arabs: From the Earliest Times to the Present, Ninth Edition. New York: ST Martin’s Press.
Hussaini, Mawlawi S.A.Q. (1949). Arab Administration. Madras: t.n.p.
Jawad, Haifaa A. (1998). The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach. New York: ST. Martin’s Press.
Kister, M. J. (1990). Society and Religion from Jahiliyya to Islam. Vermont, U S A: Variorum.
Lapidus, Ira. M. (1998). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Levy, Reuben. (1986). Susunan Masyarakat Islam, terj. H.A. Ludjito, cet. 1. Jakarta: Pustaka Firdaus.
Lewis, Bernard. (1996). The Arabs in History, revised edition. New york: Harper Colophon Books.
Maula, Bani Syarif. (2003). “Kebijakan Negara untuk Perempuan: Studi Komparatif Hukum Poligami dan Cerai di Beberapa Negara Muslim Asia Tenggaraâ€, Syariah: Jurnal Hukum dan Pemikiran, Vol. 3, No. 2, Desember 2003: 166-186
Maula, Bani Syarif. (2010). Sosiologi Hukum Islam di Indonesia: Studi tentang Realitas Hukum Islam dalam Konfigurasi Sosial dan Politik. Malang: Aditya Media Publishing, 2010.
Maula, Bani Syarif. (2014). “Kajian al-Ahwal al-Syakhsiyyah dengan Pendekatan Maqasid al-Syari'ahâ€. Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam, Vol. 8, No. 2, Desember 2014.
Mernissi, Fatima. (1991). The Veil And the Male Elite: A Feminist Interpretation Of Women’s Rights In Islam, trans: Mary Jo Lakeland. Canada: Perseus Books, 1991.
Munhanif, Ali (ed.). (2002). Mutiara Terpendam: Perempuan dalam Literatur Islam Klasik. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Muwahid, Muwahid. (2012). “Transformasi Hukum Islam dalam Sistem Hukum Nasionalâ€. Al-Manahij Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam, Vol. 6, No. 2, Desember 2012.
Ridha, Muhammad Rasyid. (1986). Panggilan Islam Terhadap Wanita, terj. Afif Mohammad, cet. 1. Bandung: Pustaka.
Rodinson, Maxime. (1996). Muhammad, translated from the French by Anne Carter, second english edition. London: Penguin Books.
Sabiq, As-Sayid. (1983). Fiqh as-Sunnah, jilid 2, cet. 4. Beirut : Dar al-Fikr.
Saunders, J.J. (1965). A History of Medieval Islam. London: Routledge and Keagen Paul.
Siba’i, Mustafa al-. (t.t.). Al-Mar’ah Bayna al-Fiqh wa al-Qanun: Dirasah Syar’iyyah wa Qanuniyyah wa Ijtima’iyyah. t.tp: Maktabah al’Arabiyyah.
Smith, W. Robertson. (1966). Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia, new edition, edited by Stanley A. Cook. Oosterhout N. B, Netherlands: Anthropological Publications.
Soorma, C. A. (1996). The Status of Woman in World Religions & Civilizations. Bombay: Dar-Ul-Isha’at-Kutub-e-Islamia.
Talidi, ‘Abdallah al-.(1997). Al-Mar’ah al-Mutabarrajah wa Aṡaruha asy-SyayyÄ’i fi al-‘Ummah, cet. 3. Beirut: Dar ‘Ibn Hazm, 1417 H/1997 M.
Tucker, Judith E. (ed.). (1993). Arab Women. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
Umar, Nasaruddin. (1999). Argumen Kesetaraan Jender Perspektif Al-Qur’an, cet. 1. Jakarta: Paramadina.
Watt, Montgomery. (1953). Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
Watt, Montgomery. (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
Watt, Montgomery. (1988). Muhammad’s Mecca: History in the Qur’an. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Zahrawi, As-Sayyid ‘Abd al-Hamid al-. (1958). Tokoh Wanita Sebelum dan Sesudah Islam, terj. Ali Ahmad Zen. t.tp: Al-Ma’arif.
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Published
2019-12-10
How to Cite
Nuroniyah, W. (2019). Perempuan Arabia dalam Lingkaran Perkawinan di Era Pra-Islam: Sebuah Kajian Sejarah untuk Memahami Posisi Perempuan dalam Sistem Perkawinan Islam. Yinyang: Jurnal Studi Islam Gender Dan Anak, 14(2), 175–200. https://doi.org/10.24090/yinyang.v14i2.3044
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