The Development of Space Law: Applying the Principles of Space Law and Interpreting 'Peaceful Purposes' in the Outer Space Treaty 1967
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v4i1.4352Keywords:
peaceful purposes, outer space treaty, conventionAbstract
This study analyzes the relevance of the proportionality, non-intervention, and unnecessary suffering principle's in the outer space perspective; and analyzes the 'peaceful purposes' at Outer Space Treaty 1967. This legal research uses primary and secondary legal materials to obtain an appropriate analysis of legal issues. This research states that the principles of international law must be applied in space activities by outer space actors. Furthermore, the ambiguity of the phrase 'peaceful purpose' in the Outer Space Treaty gives rise to different interpretations by each state. For this reason, a convention on outer space is needed to affirm the orientation of 'peace' in space activities.Downloads
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References
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Bitzinger, Richard A., and James Char. Reshaping the Chinese Military: The PLA’s Roles and Missions in the Xi Jinping Era. New York: Routledge, 2018.
Brölmann, Catherine. “Law-Making Treaties: Form and Function in International Law.†Nordic Journal of International Law 74, no. 3–4 (2005): 383–403. https://doi.org/10.1163/157181005774939887.
Burwell, Jennifer. “Imagining the Beyond: The Social and Political Fashioning of Outer Space.†Space Policy 48 (May 2019): 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2018.10.002.
Butchard, P M. The Responsibility to Protect and the Failures of the United Nations Security Council. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020.
Cheng, Bin. “International Responbility and Liability for Launch Activities.†Air & Space Law XX, no. 6 (1995): 14. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.kluwer/airlaw0020&div=50&id=&page=.
Chimni, B. S. “Customary International Law: A Third World Perspective.†American Journal of International Law 112, no. 1 (January 16, 2018): 1–46. https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2018.12.
Christensen, Stian Nordengen. “Regulation of White Phosphorus Weapons in International Law.†FIHCL Occasional Paper. Brussels: Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, 2016.
Craven, Matt. “‘Other Spaces’: Constructing the Legal Architecture of a Cold War Commons and the Scientific-Technical Imaginary of Outer Space.†European Journal of International Law 30, no. 2 (July 22, 2019): 547–72. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chz024.
Crawford, Emily, and Alison Pert. International Humanitarian Law. Second. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
Deeks, Ashley. “Introduction to the Symposium: How Will Artificial Intelligence Affect International Law?†AJIL Unbound 114 (April 27, 2020): 138–40. https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2020.29.
Dehm, Julia. “Authorizing Appropriation?: Law in Contested Forested Spaces.†European Journal of International Law 28, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 1379–96. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chx086.
Dennerley, Joel A. “State Liability for Space Object Collisions: The Proper Interpretation of ‘Fault’ for the Purposes of International Space Law.†European Journal of International Law 29, no. 1 (May 8, 2018): 281–301. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chy003.
Djauhari, R.A.Z. Kartini. “Yurisdiksi Negara Dan Penguasaan Pesawat Udara Secara Melawan Hukum.†Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan, 1990. https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol20.no3.902.
Esparza, Ryan M. “Event Horizon: Examining Military and Weaponization Issues in Space by Utilizing the Outer Space Treaty and the Law of Armed Conflict.†Journal Of Air Law and Commerce 83, no. 2 (2018): 333–49. https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc/vol83/iss2/4.
Fedorchak, Viktoriya. Understanding Contemporary Air Power. New York: Routledge, 2020.
Ferreira-Snyman, Anel. “Challenges to the Prohibition on Sovereignty in Outer Space - A New Frontier for Space Governance.†Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 24 (March 29, 2021): 1–50. https://doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2021/v24i0a8685.
Freeland, Steven. “Peaceful Purposes? Governing the Military Uses of Outer Space.†European Journal of Law Reform 18, no. 1 (July 2016): 35–51. https://doi.org/10.5553/EJLR/138723702016018001003.
Froehlich, Annette, and Claudiu Mihai Tăiatu. Space in Support of Human Rights. Cham: Springer, 2020.
Gaeta, Paola. “The Super-Normativity of International Criminal Law.†AJIL Unbound 114 (March 2, 2020): 82–86. https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2020.14.
Gangale, Thomas. Space Exploration in the United States: A Documentary History. California: ABC-CLIO, 2019.
Gardam, Judith Gail. “Proportionality and Force in International Law.†The American Journal of International Law 87, no. 3 (July 1993): 391. https://doi.org/10.2307/2203645.
Garthoff, Raymond L. Soviet Military Doctrine. Auckland: Pickle Partners Publishing, 2019.
Ginsburg, Tom. “Authoritarian International Law?†American Journal of International Law 114, no. 2 (April 3, 2020): 221–60. https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2020.3.
Gragl, Paul, and Malgosia Fitzmaurice. “The Legal Character of Article 18 of The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.†International and Comparative Law Quarterly 68, no. 3 (July 11, 2019): 699–717. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589319000253.
Hayashi, Nobuo. Military Necessity: The Art, Morality and Law of War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
Henriksen, Anders. International Law. Second. Oxford University Press, 2019.
Hosang, J. F. R. Boddens. Rules of Engagement and the International Law of Military Operations. New York: Oxford University Press, 2020.
Ireland-Piper, Danielle, and Steven Freeland. “Star Laws: Criminal Jurisdiction in Outer Space.†Journal of Space Law 44, no. 1 (2020): 44–75.
Isnardi, Christina. “Problems with Enforcing International Space Law on Private Actors.†SSRN Electronic Journal 58, no. 1 (2019): 1–44. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3397463.
Johnson-Freese, Joan, and David Burbach. “The Outer Space Treaty and The Weaponization of Space.†Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 75, no. 4 (July 4, 2019): 137–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2019.1628458.
Juwana, Hikmahanto. “Kewajiban Negara Dalam Proses Ratifikasi Perjanjian Internasional: Memastikan Keselarasan Dengan Konstitusi Dan Mentransformasikan Ke Hukum Nasional.†Undang: Jurnal Hukum 2, no. 1 (October 28, 2019): 1–32. https://doi.org/10.22437/ujh.2.1.1-32.
King, Matthew T., and Laurie R. Blank. “International Law and Security in Outer Space: Now and Tomorrow.†AJIL Unbound 113 (April 1, 2019): 125–29. https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2019.15.
Kittichaisaree, Kriangsak. International Human Rights Law and Diplomacy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2020.
Kostenko, Inesa. “Current Problems and Challenges in International Space Law: Legal Aspects.†Advanced Space Law 5, no. 1 (May 2020): 48–57. https://doi.org/10.29202/asl/2020/5/5.
Mainura, Tunku Intan. “Outer Space Law in Retrospect.†The International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 5, no. 5 (May 3, 2018): 4661–71. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v5i5.04.
Martinez, Peter. “Challenges for Ensuring the Security, Safety and Sustainability of Outer Space Activities.†Journal of Space Safety Engineering 6, no. 2 (June 2019): 65–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsse.2019.05.001.
Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Penelitian Hukum: Edisi Revisi. 13th ed. Jakarta: KENCANA, 2017.
Mawdsley, Jack. “Applying Core Principles of International Humanitarian Law to Military Operations in Space.†Journal of Conflict and Security Law 25, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 263–90. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/kraa005.
McDougal, Myres S., and Leon Lipson. “Perspectives for a Law of Outer Space.†The American Journal of International Law 52, no. 3 (July 1958): 407. https://doi.org/10.2307/2195459.
McReynolds, Joe. China’s Evolving Military Strategy. Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 2017.
Messier, Doug. “DIA: Russia Sees Reliance on Space as U.S. Military’s Achilles’ Heel.†parabolicarc.com, 2019. http://www.parabolicarc.com/2019/02/17/dia-russia-sees-reliance-space-militarys-achilles-heel/.
Murphy, Sean D. “Peremptory Norms of General International Law ( Jus Cogens ) and Other Topics: The Seventy-First Session of the International Law Commission.†American Journal of International Law 114, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 68–86. https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2019.74.
Office of the Secretary of Defense. “Annual Report to Congress Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2017.†New York, 2017.
Omba, Marthinus. “Prinsip Kebebasan Di Ruang Angkasa Menurut ‘“Outer Space Treaty 1967â€â€™ Dan Perkembangannya.†Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 24, no. 4 (August 29, 1994): 335. https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol24.no4.453.
Oppenheim, L. The Future of International Law. Glasgow: Good Press, 2019.
Palkovitz, Neta. Regulating a Revolution: Small Satellites and the Law of Outer Space. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International B. V., 2019.
Paulussen, Christophe, and Martin Scheinin. Human Dignity and Human Security in Times of Terrorism. Heidelberg: Springer Nature, 2019.
Porras, Daniel. “Anti-Satellite Warfare and The Case for an Alternative Draft Treaty for Space Security.†Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 75, no. 4 (July 4, 2019): 142–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2019.1628470.
Renz, Bettina. “Russian Responses to the Changing Character of War.†International Affairs 95, no. 4 (July 1, 2019): 817–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiz100.
Simpson, Michael K. “Benefit in Space Law: Principle and Pathway.†Air & Space Law 45, no. 2 (2020): 143–56.
Smith, Bryant Walker. “New Technologies and Old Treaties.†AJIL Unbound 114 (April 27, 2020): 152–57. https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2020.28.
Solis, Gary D. The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Su, Jinyuan. “The ‘Peaceful Purposes’ Principle in Outer Space and the Russia-China PPWT Proposal.†Space Policy 26, no. 1 (2010): 81–90. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1662224.
“United States Creates the U.S. Space Command and the U.S. Space Force to Strengthen Military Capabilities in Space.†American Journal of International Law 114, no. 2 (April 16, 2020): 323–26. https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2020.13.
Wood, Michael. “Customary International Law and the General Principles of Law Recognized by Civilized Nations.†International Community Law Review 21, no. 3–4 (July 12, 2019): 307–24. https://doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341404.
Wortzel, Larry M. The Chinese People’s Liberation Army and Information Warfare. Independently Published, 2019.
Zwart, Melissa de, and Dale Stephens. “The Space (Innovation) Race: The Inevitable Relationship between Military Technology and Innovation.†Melbourne Journal of International Law 20, no. 1 (2019). http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MelbJIL/2019/2.html.
Aoki, Setsuko. "Domestic Legal Conditions for Space Activities in Asia." AJIL Unbound 113 (April 1, 2019): 10-8. https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2019.14.
Bernard, Mountague. On the Principle of Non-Intervention. London: J.H. And Jas. Parker, 1860.
Bitzinger, Richard A., and James Char. Reshaping the Chinese Military: The PLA’s Roles and Missions in the Xi Jinping Era. New York: Routledge, 2018.
Brölmann, Catherine. “Law-Making Treaties: Form and Function in International Law.†Nordic Journal of International Law 74, no. 3–4 (2005): 383–403. https://doi.org/10.1163/157181005774939887.
Burwell, Jennifer. “Imagining the Beyond: The Social and Political Fashioning of Outer Space.†Space Policy 48 (May 2019): 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2018.10.002.
Butchard, P M. The Responsibility to Protect and the Failures of the United Nations Security Council. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020.
Cheng, Bin. “International Responbility and Liability for Launch Activities.†Air & Space Law XX, no. 6 (1995): 14. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.kluwer/airlaw0020&div=50&id=&page=.
Chimni, B. S. “Customary International Law: A Third World Perspective.†American Journal of International Law 112, no. 1 (January 16, 2018): 1–46. https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2018.12.
Christensen, Stian Nordengen. “Regulation of White Phosphorus Weapons in International Law.†FIHCL Occasional Paper. Brussels: Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, 2016.
Craven, Matt. “‘Other Spaces’: Constructing the Legal Architecture of a Cold War Commons and the Scientific-Technical Imaginary of Outer Space.†European Journal of International Law 30, no. 2 (July 22, 2019): 547–72. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chz024.
Crawford, Emily, and Alison Pert. International Humanitarian Law. Second. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
Deeks, Ashley. “Introduction to the Symposium: How Will Artificial Intelligence Affect International Law?†AJIL Unbound 114 (April 27, 2020): 138–40. https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2020.29.
Dehm, Julia. “Authorizing Appropriation?: Law in Contested Forested Spaces.†European Journal of International Law 28, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 1379–96. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chx086.
Dennerley, Joel A. “State Liability for Space Object Collisions: The Proper Interpretation of ‘Fault’ for the Purposes of International Space Law.†European Journal of International Law 29, no. 1 (May 8, 2018): 281–301. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chy003.
Djauhari, R.A.Z. Kartini. “Yurisdiksi Negara Dan Penguasaan Pesawat Udara Secara Melawan Hukum.†Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan, 1990. https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol20.no3.902.
Esparza, Ryan M. “Event Horizon: Examining Military and Weaponization Issues in Space by Utilizing the Outer Space Treaty and the Law of Armed Conflict.†Journal Of Air Law and Commerce 83, no. 2 (2018): 333–49. https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc/vol83/iss2/4.
Fedorchak, Viktoriya. Understanding Contemporary Air Power. New York: Routledge, 2020.
Ferreira-Snyman, Anel. “Challenges to the Prohibition on Sovereignty in Outer Space - A New Frontier for Space Governance.†Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 24 (March 29, 2021): 1–50. https://doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2021/v24i0a8685.
Freeland, Steven. “Peaceful Purposes? Governing the Military Uses of Outer Space.†European Journal of Law Reform 18, no. 1 (July 2016): 35–51. https://doi.org/10.5553/EJLR/138723702016018001003.
Froehlich, Annette, and Claudiu Mihai Tăiatu. Space in Support of Human Rights. Cham: Springer, 2020.
Gaeta, Paola. “The Super-Normativity of International Criminal Law.†AJIL Unbound 114 (March 2, 2020): 82–86. https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2020.14.
Gangale, Thomas. Space Exploration in the United States: A Documentary History. California: ABC-CLIO, 2019.
Gardam, Judith Gail. “Proportionality and Force in International Law.†The American Journal of International Law 87, no. 3 (July 1993): 391. https://doi.org/10.2307/2203645.
Garthoff, Raymond L. Soviet Military Doctrine. Auckland: Pickle Partners Publishing, 2019.
Ginsburg, Tom. “Authoritarian International Law?†American Journal of International Law 114, no. 2 (April 3, 2020): 221–60. https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2020.3.
Gragl, Paul, and Malgosia Fitzmaurice. “The Legal Character of Article 18 of The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.†International and Comparative Law Quarterly 68, no. 3 (July 11, 2019): 699–717. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589319000253.
Hayashi, Nobuo. Military Necessity: The Art, Morality and Law of War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
Henriksen, Anders. International Law. Second. Oxford University Press, 2019.
Hosang, J. F. R. Boddens. Rules of Engagement and the International Law of Military Operations. New York: Oxford University Press, 2020.
Ireland-Piper, Danielle, and Steven Freeland. “Star Laws: Criminal Jurisdiction in Outer Space.†Journal of Space Law 44, no. 1 (2020): 44–75.
Isnardi, Christina. “Problems with Enforcing International Space Law on Private Actors.†SSRN Electronic Journal 58, no. 1 (2019): 1–44. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3397463.
Johnson-Freese, Joan, and David Burbach. “The Outer Space Treaty and The Weaponization of Space.†Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 75, no. 4 (July 4, 2019): 137–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2019.1628458.
Juwana, Hikmahanto. “Kewajiban Negara Dalam Proses Ratifikasi Perjanjian Internasional: Memastikan Keselarasan Dengan Konstitusi Dan Mentransformasikan Ke Hukum Nasional.†Undang: Jurnal Hukum 2, no. 1 (October 28, 2019): 1–32. https://doi.org/10.22437/ujh.2.1.1-32.
King, Matthew T., and Laurie R. Blank. “International Law and Security in Outer Space: Now and Tomorrow.†AJIL Unbound 113 (April 1, 2019): 125–29. https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2019.15.
Kittichaisaree, Kriangsak. International Human Rights Law and Diplomacy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2020.
Kostenko, Inesa. “Current Problems and Challenges in International Space Law: Legal Aspects.†Advanced Space Law 5, no. 1 (May 2020): 48–57. https://doi.org/10.29202/asl/2020/5/5.
Mainura, Tunku Intan. “Outer Space Law in Retrospect.†The International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 5, no. 5 (May 3, 2018): 4661–71. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v5i5.04.
Martinez, Peter. “Challenges for Ensuring the Security, Safety and Sustainability of Outer Space Activities.†Journal of Space Safety Engineering 6, no. 2 (June 2019): 65–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsse.2019.05.001.
Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Penelitian Hukum: Edisi Revisi. 13th ed. Jakarta: KENCANA, 2017.
Mawdsley, Jack. “Applying Core Principles of International Humanitarian Law to Military Operations in Space.†Journal of Conflict and Security Law 25, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 263–90. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/kraa005.
McDougal, Myres S., and Leon Lipson. “Perspectives for a Law of Outer Space.†The American Journal of International Law 52, no. 3 (July 1958): 407. https://doi.org/10.2307/2195459.
McReynolds, Joe. China’s Evolving Military Strategy. Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 2017.
Messier, Doug. “DIA: Russia Sees Reliance on Space as U.S. Military’s Achilles’ Heel.†parabolicarc.com, 2019. http://www.parabolicarc.com/2019/02/17/dia-russia-sees-reliance-space-militarys-achilles-heel/.
Murphy, Sean D. “Peremptory Norms of General International Law ( Jus Cogens ) and Other Topics: The Seventy-First Session of the International Law Commission.†American Journal of International Law 114, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 68–86. https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2019.74.
Office of the Secretary of Defense. “Annual Report to Congress Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2017.†New York, 2017.
Omba, Marthinus. “Prinsip Kebebasan Di Ruang Angkasa Menurut ‘“Outer Space Treaty 1967â€â€™ Dan Perkembangannya.†Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 24, no. 4 (August 29, 1994): 335. https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol24.no4.453.
Oppenheim, L. The Future of International Law. Glasgow: Good Press, 2019.
Palkovitz, Neta. Regulating a Revolution: Small Satellites and the Law of Outer Space. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International B. V., 2019.
Paulussen, Christophe, and Martin Scheinin. Human Dignity and Human Security in Times of Terrorism. Heidelberg: Springer Nature, 2019.
Porras, Daniel. “Anti-Satellite Warfare and The Case for an Alternative Draft Treaty for Space Security.†Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 75, no. 4 (July 4, 2019): 142–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2019.1628470.
Renz, Bettina. “Russian Responses to the Changing Character of War.†International Affairs 95, no. 4 (July 1, 2019): 817–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiz100.
Simpson, Michael K. “Benefit in Space Law: Principle and Pathway.†Air & Space Law 45, no. 2 (2020): 143–56.
Smith, Bryant Walker. “New Technologies and Old Treaties.†AJIL Unbound 114 (April 27, 2020): 152–57. https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2020.28.
Solis, Gary D. The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Su, Jinyuan. “The ‘Peaceful Purposes’ Principle in Outer Space and the Russia-China PPWT Proposal.†Space Policy 26, no. 1 (2010): 81–90. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1662224.
“United States Creates the U.S. Space Command and the U.S. Space Force to Strengthen Military Capabilities in Space.†American Journal of International Law 114, no. 2 (April 16, 2020): 323–26. https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2020.13.
Wood, Michael. “Customary International Law and the General Principles of Law Recognized by Civilized Nations.†International Community Law Review 21, no. 3–4 (July 12, 2019): 307–24. https://doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341404.
Wortzel, Larry M. The Chinese People’s Liberation Army and Information Warfare. Independently Published, 2019.
Zwart, Melissa de, and Dale Stephens. “The Space (Innovation) Race: The Inevitable Relationship between Military Technology and Innovation.†Melbourne Journal of International Law 20, no. 1 (2019). http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MelbJIL/2019/2.html.
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Published
2021-06-26
How to Cite
Disantara, F. P. (2021). The Development of Space Law: Applying the Principles of Space Law and Interpreting ’Peaceful Purposes’ in the Outer Space Treaty 1967. Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Konstitusi, 4(1), 69–84. https://doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v4i1.4352
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