Konstruksi Epistemologi Fikih Pandemik: Analisis Fatwa-Fatwa MUI
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v15i1.4203Keywords:
epistemology, fiqh, fatwa of MUI, realism, idealismAbstract
The Covid-19 pandemic has changed the behavior of people in the world, both in social, political, cultural and religious practices. The practice of strict health protocols has changed religious practices, both in Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism and other faiths. In Islamic countries or countries where the population is predominantly Muslim, the ulama play an important role in legitimizing these changes in religious practice. In Indonesia, there is the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) which plays a role in providing fatwas related to changes in religious practices, such as prayer, zakat, Hajj and burying people who died due to being infected with Covid-19. These fatwas raise the issue of the epistemological construction that underlies the fatwas. Through a philosophical approach and content analysis of the MUI fatwas products, it was found that MUI fatwas were based more on empirical-scientific arguments (burhani) as well as ethical principles of Islamic teachings contained in the principles of maslahah (general good) and syadz al-zari'ah (avoiding danger). This article shows that the legal reasoning built by MUI shows the tendency of epistemology with a realism style based on scientific facts so that religion plays a role in providing legitimacy in the ethical and moral realm in the form of sharia objectives (maqÄshid al-syarī’ah).Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Ahmed, Qanta A., and Ziad A. Memish. “The Cancellation of Mass Gatherings (MGs)? Decision Making in the Time of Covid-19.†Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, Vol. 34, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101631.
Al-Jabiri, Muhammad Abid. Kritik Kontemporer Atas Filsafat Arab Islam. Yogyakarta: Islamika, 2003.
Al-Jabiri, Muhammad Abid. Post-Tradisionalisme Islam. Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2000.
Al-Syathibi, Abu Ishaq. Al-Muwafaqat. Beirut: Darul Fikri, n.d.
Al-Zarqani, Muhammad Abdul Adhim. Manahil Al-’Irfan Fi ’Ulum Al-Quran. Beirut: Darul Fikri, 1988.
Amin Abdullah, M. “Paradigma Alternatif Pengembangan Ushul Fiqh dan Dampaknya Pada Fiqh Kontemporer.†In Madzhab Yogya: Menggagas Paradigma Ushul Fiqh Kontemporer, edited by Ainur Rofiq. Yogyakarta: Ar-Ruzz Press, 2002.
Amin Abdullah, M. “Religion, Science and Culture: An Integrated, Interconnected Paradigm of Science.†Al-Jami’ah, Vol. 52, No. 1, 2014. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2014.521.175-203.
Arkoun, Mohammad. Nalar Islami Dan Nalar Modern, Berbagai Tantangan Dan Jalan Baru. Jakarta: INIS, 1994.
Arkoun, Mohammed. “Present-Day Islam Between Its Tradition and Globalization.†In The New Voices of Islam, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5040/9780755609734.ch-002.
Arkoun, Mohammed. “The Answers of Applied Islamology.†Theory, Culture & Society, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276407074993.
Arkoun, Mohammed, and Robert D. Lee. Rethinking Islam: Common Questions, Uncommon Answers. Rethinking Islam: Common Questions, Uncommon Answers. London: Routledge, 1994.
Atique, Suleman, and Ramaiah Itumalla. “Hajj in the Time of Covid-19.†Infection, Disease and Health, Vol. 25, No. 3, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idh.2020.04.001.
Baird, Forrest. Philosophic Classics: From Plato to Derrida. Philosophic Classics: From Plato to Derrida, 2016. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315510170.
Baumgarten, Alexandre Gottlieb. “Metaphysica.†Philosophie, 2001. https://doi.org/10.3917/philo.070.0003.
Esack, Farid. “Qur’anic Hermeneutics: Problems and Prospects.†The Muslim World, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.1993.tb03571.x.
Faisol, M. “Struktur Nalar Arab-Islam Menurut Abid Al-Jabiri.†Tsaqafah, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2010. https://doi.org/10.21111/tsaqafah.v6i2.124.
Fazlur Rahman. “Major Themes of the Qur’Än.†Middle East, 2012.
Gilliot, Claude, and Wael B. Hallaq. “A History of Islamic Legal Theories.†Studia Islamica, 2001. https://doi.org/10.2307/1596119.
Hallaq, Wael B. The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law. The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511818783.
Hart, Curtis W., and Harold G. Koenig. “Religion and Health During the Covid-19 Pandemic.†Journal of Religion and Health, May 15, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01042-3.
Hasibuan, Eko Misbahuddin, and Muhammad Yusram. “Hukum Salat Berjemaah Di Masjid Dengan Saf Terpisah Karena Wabah Covid-19.†Bustanul Fuqaha: Jurnal Bidang Hukum Islam, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2020.
Hidayat, Komaruddin. Memahami Bahasa Agama: Sebuah Kajian Hermeneutik. Jakarta: Paramadina, 1996.
Idris, Muhammad. “Masih Banyak Yang Gagal Paham Larangan Mudik Pemerintah Halaman All - Kompas.Com.†Kompas, 2020.
Irfan Wahid, Muhammad. “Dari Tradisional Menuju Digital: Adopsi Internet oleh Nahdlatul Ulama selama Pandemi Covid-19.†Jurnal Studi Agama dan Masyarakat, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2020. https://doi.org/10.23971/jsam.v16i1.1745.
Kemenkes RI. “Pedoman Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19).†Germas, Maret 2020.
Kuhn, Thomas S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
Madjid, Nurcholish. “The Necessity of Renewing Islamic Thought and Reinvigorating Religious Understanding.†In Charles Kurzman, Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Mayangsari R, Galuh Nashrullah kartika, and H. Hasni Noor. “Konsep Maqashid Al-Syariah Dalam Menentukan Hukum Islam (Perspektif Al-Syatibi Dan Jasser Auda).†Al Iqtishadiyah: Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Dan Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2014.
Modell, Stephen M., and Sharon L.R. Kardia. “Religion as a Health Promoter During the 2019/2020 COVID Outbreak: View from Detroit.†Journal of Religion and Health, June 16, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01052-1.
Muslehuddin, Muhammad. Filsafat Hukum Islam Dan Pemikiran Orientalis. Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana, 1997.
Niam, Achmad Mukafi. “Antara Corona, Ulama, Dan Sains.†NU Online, 15 Maret 2020.
Nur Adji. “Mudik, Pulang Kampung, Dan Makna Kata Yang Hampir Sama.†Kompas.Id, 26 April 2020, https://www.kompas.id/baca/opini/2020/04/26/mudik-pulang-kampung-dan-makna-kata-yang-hampir-sama/.
Outhwaite, William. “Realism and Social Science.†In Critical Realism: Essential Readings, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18946-5_4.
Palacios Cruz, M., E. Santos, M. A. Velázquez Cervantes, and M. León Juárez. “Covid-19, a Worldwide Public Health Emergency.†Revista Clinica Espanola, Vol. 221, No. 1, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rce.2020.03.001.
Plato. “Allegory of the Cave.†In David Goldblatt, Lee B. Brown, Stephanie Patridge (Eds.). Aesthetics: A Reader in Philosophy of the Arts: Fourth Edition, 2017. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315303673.
Prasojo, APS, YN Aini, and D. Kusumaningrum. “Potensi Pola Aliran Mudik pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19.†Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia, Vol. 21, 2020.
R Mochamad A. “Science of Salat Movement in Covid-19 Era And Turbulence Economic.†Jurnal As-Salam, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2020. https://doi.org/10.37249/as-salam.v4i1.168.
Rahman, Fazlur. Islam and Modernity. The Center for Middle Eastern Studies. Chicago: The University of Chicago, 1982.
Rahman, Fazlur. “Major Themes of the Qur ’ Ān.†Middle East, 2012.
Rahman, Fazlur. “Revival and Reform in Islam.†In The Cambridge History of Islam, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521219495.009.
Rahman, Fazlur. “Some Key Ethical Concepts of the Qur’Än.†Journal of Religious Ethics, Vol. 11, No. 2, 1983.
Rothan, Hussin A., and Siddappa N. Byrareddy. “The Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak.†Journal of Autoimmunity, Vol. 109, May 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433.
Saidun, Muh. “The Polemic of Hajj Suspension and Autonomous Manasik Guidance Amid Covid 19 Pandemic as An Alternative to Obtain Mabrur Hajj.†Millati: Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2020. https://doi.org/10.18326/mlt.v5i1.16-33.
Supriatna, Eman. “Wabah Corona Virus Disease (Covid 19) dalam Pandangan Islam.†Salam: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar'i, Vol. 7, No. 6, 2020. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v7i6.15247.
Tibi, Bassam. Islam between Culture and Politics. Islam Between Culture and Politics, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230204157.
Ubaidillah, Muhammad, and Rizqon Halal Syah Aji. “Aglomerasi Dalam Permenhub Tentang Larangan Mudik Dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi.†’Adalah: Buletin Hukum dan Keadilan, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2020. https://doi.org/10.15408/adalah.v4i1.15667.
WHO. “Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Advice for the Public.†Coronavirus Disease 2019, 2020.
Wildman, Wesley J., Joseph Bulbulia, Richard Sosis, and Uffe Schjoedt. “Religion and the COVID-19 Pandemic.†Religion, Brain and Behavior, Vol. 10, No. 2, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2020.1749339.
Wilkinson, Matthew L.N. “The Metaphysics of a Contemporary Islamic Shari’a: A Metarealist Perspective.†Journal of Critical Realism 14, no. 4 (2015): 350–65. https://doi.org/10.1179/1476743015Z.00000000074.
Yono, Yono. “Sikap Manusia Beriman Menghadapi Covid 19.†Mizan: Journal of Islamic Law, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2020.
Zumla, Alimuddin, Esam I. Azhar, Saleh Alqahtani, Shuja Shafi, and Ziad A. Memish. “COVID-19 and the Scaled-down 2020 Hajj Pilgrimage—Decisive, Logical and Prudent Decision Making by Saudi Authorities Overcomes Pre-Hajj Public Health Concerns.†International Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 99, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.006.
Zumla, Alimuddin. “Withdrawn: ‘Covid-19 and the Scaled-down 2020 Hajj Pilgrimage - Decisive, Logical and Prudent Decision Making by Saudi Authorities Overcomes Pre-Hajj Public Health Concerns.’†International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.014.
Al-Jabiri, Muhammad Abid. Kritik Kontemporer Atas Filsafat Arab Islam. Yogyakarta: Islamika, 2003.
Al-Jabiri, Muhammad Abid. Post-Tradisionalisme Islam. Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2000.
Al-Syathibi, Abu Ishaq. Al-Muwafaqat. Beirut: Darul Fikri, n.d.
Al-Zarqani, Muhammad Abdul Adhim. Manahil Al-’Irfan Fi ’Ulum Al-Quran. Beirut: Darul Fikri, 1988.
Amin Abdullah, M. “Paradigma Alternatif Pengembangan Ushul Fiqh dan Dampaknya Pada Fiqh Kontemporer.†In Madzhab Yogya: Menggagas Paradigma Ushul Fiqh Kontemporer, edited by Ainur Rofiq. Yogyakarta: Ar-Ruzz Press, 2002.
Amin Abdullah, M. “Religion, Science and Culture: An Integrated, Interconnected Paradigm of Science.†Al-Jami’ah, Vol. 52, No. 1, 2014. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2014.521.175-203.
Arkoun, Mohammad. Nalar Islami Dan Nalar Modern, Berbagai Tantangan Dan Jalan Baru. Jakarta: INIS, 1994.
Arkoun, Mohammed. “Present-Day Islam Between Its Tradition and Globalization.†In The New Voices of Islam, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5040/9780755609734.ch-002.
Arkoun, Mohammed. “The Answers of Applied Islamology.†Theory, Culture & Society, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276407074993.
Arkoun, Mohammed, and Robert D. Lee. Rethinking Islam: Common Questions, Uncommon Answers. Rethinking Islam: Common Questions, Uncommon Answers. London: Routledge, 1994.
Atique, Suleman, and Ramaiah Itumalla. “Hajj in the Time of Covid-19.†Infection, Disease and Health, Vol. 25, No. 3, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idh.2020.04.001.
Baird, Forrest. Philosophic Classics: From Plato to Derrida. Philosophic Classics: From Plato to Derrida, 2016. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315510170.
Baumgarten, Alexandre Gottlieb. “Metaphysica.†Philosophie, 2001. https://doi.org/10.3917/philo.070.0003.
Esack, Farid. “Qur’anic Hermeneutics: Problems and Prospects.†The Muslim World, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.1993.tb03571.x.
Faisol, M. “Struktur Nalar Arab-Islam Menurut Abid Al-Jabiri.†Tsaqafah, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2010. https://doi.org/10.21111/tsaqafah.v6i2.124.
Fazlur Rahman. “Major Themes of the Qur’Än.†Middle East, 2012.
Gilliot, Claude, and Wael B. Hallaq. “A History of Islamic Legal Theories.†Studia Islamica, 2001. https://doi.org/10.2307/1596119.
Hallaq, Wael B. The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law. The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511818783.
Hart, Curtis W., and Harold G. Koenig. “Religion and Health During the Covid-19 Pandemic.†Journal of Religion and Health, May 15, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01042-3.
Hasibuan, Eko Misbahuddin, and Muhammad Yusram. “Hukum Salat Berjemaah Di Masjid Dengan Saf Terpisah Karena Wabah Covid-19.†Bustanul Fuqaha: Jurnal Bidang Hukum Islam, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2020.
Hidayat, Komaruddin. Memahami Bahasa Agama: Sebuah Kajian Hermeneutik. Jakarta: Paramadina, 1996.
Idris, Muhammad. “Masih Banyak Yang Gagal Paham Larangan Mudik Pemerintah Halaman All - Kompas.Com.†Kompas, 2020.
Irfan Wahid, Muhammad. “Dari Tradisional Menuju Digital: Adopsi Internet oleh Nahdlatul Ulama selama Pandemi Covid-19.†Jurnal Studi Agama dan Masyarakat, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2020. https://doi.org/10.23971/jsam.v16i1.1745.
Kemenkes RI. “Pedoman Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19).†Germas, Maret 2020.
Kuhn, Thomas S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
Madjid, Nurcholish. “The Necessity of Renewing Islamic Thought and Reinvigorating Religious Understanding.†In Charles Kurzman, Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Mayangsari R, Galuh Nashrullah kartika, and H. Hasni Noor. “Konsep Maqashid Al-Syariah Dalam Menentukan Hukum Islam (Perspektif Al-Syatibi Dan Jasser Auda).†Al Iqtishadiyah: Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Dan Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2014.
Modell, Stephen M., and Sharon L.R. Kardia. “Religion as a Health Promoter During the 2019/2020 COVID Outbreak: View from Detroit.†Journal of Religion and Health, June 16, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01052-1.
Muslehuddin, Muhammad. Filsafat Hukum Islam Dan Pemikiran Orientalis. Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana, 1997.
Niam, Achmad Mukafi. “Antara Corona, Ulama, Dan Sains.†NU Online, 15 Maret 2020.
Nur Adji. “Mudik, Pulang Kampung, Dan Makna Kata Yang Hampir Sama.†Kompas.Id, 26 April 2020, https://www.kompas.id/baca/opini/2020/04/26/mudik-pulang-kampung-dan-makna-kata-yang-hampir-sama/.
Outhwaite, William. “Realism and Social Science.†In Critical Realism: Essential Readings, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18946-5_4.
Palacios Cruz, M., E. Santos, M. A. Velázquez Cervantes, and M. León Juárez. “Covid-19, a Worldwide Public Health Emergency.†Revista Clinica Espanola, Vol. 221, No. 1, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rce.2020.03.001.
Plato. “Allegory of the Cave.†In David Goldblatt, Lee B. Brown, Stephanie Patridge (Eds.). Aesthetics: A Reader in Philosophy of the Arts: Fourth Edition, 2017. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315303673.
Prasojo, APS, YN Aini, and D. Kusumaningrum. “Potensi Pola Aliran Mudik pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19.†Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia, Vol. 21, 2020.
R Mochamad A. “Science of Salat Movement in Covid-19 Era And Turbulence Economic.†Jurnal As-Salam, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2020. https://doi.org/10.37249/as-salam.v4i1.168.
Rahman, Fazlur. Islam and Modernity. The Center for Middle Eastern Studies. Chicago: The University of Chicago, 1982.
Rahman, Fazlur. “Major Themes of the Qur ’ Ān.†Middle East, 2012.
Rahman, Fazlur. “Revival and Reform in Islam.†In The Cambridge History of Islam, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521219495.009.
Rahman, Fazlur. “Some Key Ethical Concepts of the Qur’Än.†Journal of Religious Ethics, Vol. 11, No. 2, 1983.
Rothan, Hussin A., and Siddappa N. Byrareddy. “The Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak.†Journal of Autoimmunity, Vol. 109, May 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433.
Saidun, Muh. “The Polemic of Hajj Suspension and Autonomous Manasik Guidance Amid Covid 19 Pandemic as An Alternative to Obtain Mabrur Hajj.†Millati: Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2020. https://doi.org/10.18326/mlt.v5i1.16-33.
Supriatna, Eman. “Wabah Corona Virus Disease (Covid 19) dalam Pandangan Islam.†Salam: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar'i, Vol. 7, No. 6, 2020. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v7i6.15247.
Tibi, Bassam. Islam between Culture and Politics. Islam Between Culture and Politics, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230204157.
Ubaidillah, Muhammad, and Rizqon Halal Syah Aji. “Aglomerasi Dalam Permenhub Tentang Larangan Mudik Dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi.†’Adalah: Buletin Hukum dan Keadilan, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2020. https://doi.org/10.15408/adalah.v4i1.15667.
WHO. “Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Advice for the Public.†Coronavirus Disease 2019, 2020.
Wildman, Wesley J., Joseph Bulbulia, Richard Sosis, and Uffe Schjoedt. “Religion and the COVID-19 Pandemic.†Religion, Brain and Behavior, Vol. 10, No. 2, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2020.1749339.
Wilkinson, Matthew L.N. “The Metaphysics of a Contemporary Islamic Shari’a: A Metarealist Perspective.†Journal of Critical Realism 14, no. 4 (2015): 350–65. https://doi.org/10.1179/1476743015Z.00000000074.
Yono, Yono. “Sikap Manusia Beriman Menghadapi Covid 19.†Mizan: Journal of Islamic Law, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2020.
Zumla, Alimuddin, Esam I. Azhar, Saleh Alqahtani, Shuja Shafi, and Ziad A. Memish. “COVID-19 and the Scaled-down 2020 Hajj Pilgrimage—Decisive, Logical and Prudent Decision Making by Saudi Authorities Overcomes Pre-Hajj Public Health Concerns.†International Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 99, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.006.
Zumla, Alimuddin. “Withdrawn: ‘Covid-19 and the Scaled-down 2020 Hajj Pilgrimage - Decisive, Logical and Prudent Decision Making by Saudi Authorities Overcomes Pre-Hajj Public Health Concerns.’†International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.014.
Downloads
Published
11-06-2021
How to Cite
Supena, I. (2021). Konstruksi Epistemologi Fikih Pandemik: Analisis Fatwa-Fatwa MUI. Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam, 15(1), 121–136. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v15i1.4203
Issue
Section
ARTICLES
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
