Kebijakan Penanganan Pengungsi di Indonesia Perspektif Maqasid al-Syari'ah
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v13i2.2460Keywords:
humanitarian law; refugees; maqasid al-syari’ah; national policyAbstract
The problematic of humanism in many countries resulted in a phenomenon of transnational refugee migration. Indonesia is one of a country which has received a massif influx of refugee waves aimed to obtain asylum. This study discussed the policy of handling refugees in Indonesia from the maqasid sharia as perspective. Maqasid sharia, as one of the Islamic law methodological approaches, helped of understanding social phenomena which positioned the interest (maslaha) as the core treatise. This study aimed to explain that the interaction between maqasid sharia as perspective and the development of national regulation, included the regulation in handling refugees, resulted in three models of policy (instructive, integrative, and adaptive). The instructive policy implemented through taqnin model, which is issued by the state authority as a positive norm. An integrative policy implemented through the eclectic model adopted the finest part from both national law and Islamic law. The adaptive policy implemented when important elements of Islamic law affirmed national policy which contained fundamental principles of universal humanism as part of sharia.Downloads
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References
Buku:
‘Asyur, Ibnu, 2001, MaqÄá¹£id al-SyarÄ«Ì•ah al-IslÄmiyah, ‘Amman: Dar al-Nafais.
‘Asyur, Muhammad al-ṬÄhir Ibnu, 2001, MaqÄá¹£id al-Syarī’ah al-IslÄmiyah, Muhammad ṬÄhir al-MesÄwÄ« (ed.), Yordan: DÄr al-NafÄis.
‘Aá¹á¹iya, Gamal al-Din, 2003, Nahwa Taf’īl MaqÄshid al-Syarī’ah, Damaskus: Dar al-Fikr.
Afkham, Mahnaz (ed.), 1995, Faith and Freedom: Women’s Human Rights in the Muslim World, Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
Al-Syatibi, Al-MuwÄfaqÄt fÄ« Uṣūl al-Syarī’ah, Vol. 1, 23, 37, Vol. 4, 327.
Arnout, Ghassan Maarof, 1987, ‘Asylum in the Arab Islamic Tradition’, Jenewa: UNHCR/ International Institute of Humanitarian Law.
Auda, Jasser, 2007, Maqashid al-Shariah as Philosophy of Islamic Law, A System Apparoach, Herndon: The International Institute of Islamic Thought.
Auda, Jasser, 2008, Maqashid al-Shariah: An Introductory Guide, Herndon: The International Institute of Islamic Thought.
Azizi, Qodri, 2003, Reformasi Bermazhab, Sebuah Ikhtiar Menuju Ijtihad Saintifik Modern, Jakarta: Penerbit Teraju.
Baderin, Mashood A., 2005, International Human Rights and Islamic Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Berger, Maurits S., 2013, Applying Shari’a in the West, Amsterdan: Leiden University Press.
Fasi, al-, ‘AllÄl, 1993, MaqÄá¹£id al-Syarī’ah al-IslÄmiyah wa MakÄrimuhÄ, Casabanca: DÄr al-Gharb al-IslÄmÄ«.
Fazlurrahman, 1984, Islam and Modernity: Transformation of an Intellectual Tradition, Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Ghazali, al-, Abu Hamid Muḥammad, 1994, al-Mustaá¹£fÄ min ‘Ilm al-Uṣūl, Vol. 2, Lebanon: DÄr al-Huda.
Hallaq, Wael B., 1997, A History of Islamic Legal Theories: An Interoduction to Sunni Uṣūl Al-Fiqh, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hallaq, Wael B., 2004, Authority, Continuity, and Change in Islamic Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Itmam, Sohibul, 2015, Positivisasi Hukum Islam di Indonesia, M. Harir Muzaki (ed.), Ponorogo: Stain Po Press.
Jabiri, al-, Mohammad Abed, 2009, Democracy, Human Rights and Law in Islamic Thought, New York: I.B. Tauris Publishers.
Jhering, Rudolf Von, 1913, Law as Means to an End, Isaac husik (trans.), Joseph E. Drake (ed.), Boston: The Boston Book Company.
Juwaini, al-, Al-ImÄm al-Ḥaramain AbÅ« al-Ma’Äli ‘Abd al-Malik ibn ‘Abd Allah, 1979, GhiyÄṡ al-Umam fÄ« IltiyÄṡ al-Ẓulam, Mustafa Helmy dan Fouad ‘Abd al Mon’eim Ahmed (eds.), Alexandria: DÄr al-Da’wah.
Kharoufa, ‘Ala al-Din, 1320 H, Falsafat al-Tasyrī’ al-IslÄmÄ« wa madÄ MusÄhamatihÄ tajÄh ‘Ilm al-QÄnÅ«n al-Mu’Äá¹£ir, Jeddah: Al-Ma’had al-Islami li-al-Buhust wa al-Tadrib.
Mahmassani, Subhi, 1961, Falsafat Tasyri’ al-Islami, Farhat J. Ziadeh (trans.), The Philosophy of Jurisprudence in Islam, Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Masud, Muhammad Khalid, 1973, Shatibi’s Philosophy of Islamic Law: An Analytical Study of Shatibi’s Concept of Maslaha in Relation to His Doctrine of Maqasid al-Shari’a with Particular Reference to the Problem of the Adaptibility of Islamic Legal Theory to Social Change, Ph.D. Thesis, Montreal: Institute of Islamic Studies McGill University.
Mawardi, Ahmad Imam, 2010, Fiqh Minoritas: Fiqh al-Aqalliyat dan EvolusiMaqashid al-Syari’ah dari Konsep ke Pendekatan, Yogyakarta: LKiS.
Mubarok, Jaih, 2006, ‘Interkoneksi Dalam Kajian Hukum Islam’, dalam Dudung Abdurahman (ed.), Sosial-Humniora dan Sains dalam Studi keislaman, Yogyakarta: Lembaga Penelitian UIN Sunan Kalijaga.
Raisuni, al-, Ahmad, 1999, Al-Fikr al-MaqÄá¹£idÄ« QawÄ’iduhu wa FawÄiduhu, Rabat: al-Zaman.
Raysuni, al-, Ahmad, 1999, Al-Fikr al-MaqÄá¹£idÄ« QawÄ’iduhu wa FawÄÊ»iduhu, Al-Dar al-Baydha: Matba’ah al-Najah al-Jadidah.
Raysuni, al-, Ahmad, 2013, MuhÄá¸arÄt fÄ« MaqÄá¹£id al-Syarī’ah, Kairo: Dar al-Kalima li Nasr wa al-tawzī’.
Raysuni, al-, Ahmad, 1990, NadhariyÄt al-MaqÄá¹£id ‘inda al-ImÄm al-SyÄá¹ibÄ«, Rabat: Dar al-Aman.
Raysuni, al-, Ahmad, 1995, NadhriyÄt al-MaqÄá¹£id ‘inda al-ImÄm al-SyÄá¹ibÄ«, Herndon: IIIT.
Shoukri, Arafat Madi, 2011, Refugee Status in Islam: Concept of Protection in Islamic Tradition and International Law, London dan New York: I.B. Tauris.
Suhrke, Astri, 1995, ‘Refugees and Asylum in the Muslim World’, dalam R. Cohen, The Cambridge Survey of World Migration, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sulayman, Abdul Hamid Abu, 1993, Towards an Islamic Theory of International Relations: New Directions for Methodology and Thought, Herndon, Virginia: IIIT.
Syatibi, al-, AbÅ« IsḥÄq, 2006, Al-muwÄfaqÄt fÄ« Uṣūl al-SyarÄ«Ê»ah, Kairo: al-Hay΄ah al-Miá¹£riyyah al-ʻĀmmah li al-KitÄb.
Umar, bin, ‘Umar bin Shalih, 2003, MaqÄá¹£id al-Syarī’ah ‘inda al-ImÄm al-‘Izz ibn ‘Abd al-Salam, Al-Urdun: Dar al-Nafais.
Wafa, Ahmed Abou, 2009, The Right to Asylum between Islamic Shari’ah and International Law Refugee, Riyadh: Naif Arab University for Security Science.
Zaydan, ‘Abd al-Karim, 1976, Al-Madkhal li DirÄsah al-Syarī’ah al-IslÄmiyah, Beirut: Mu’assasah al-Risalah.
Zubaida, Sami, 2005, Law and Power in the Islamic World, London dan New York: I.B. Tauris.
Jurnal:
Dusuki, Asyraf Wajdi, dan Said Bouheraoua, 2011, ‘The Framework of MaqÄá¹£id Al-SharÄ«Ê»ah (Objective of the Shari’ah) and its Implications for Islamic Finance’, Islam and Civilisation Renewal, Vol. 2, No. 2., International Institute of Advanced Islamic Studies.
Elmadmad, Khadidja, 1991, ‘An Arab Convention on Forced Migration: Desirability and posibilities’, International Journal of Refugee Law, Vol 3, no. 461, 467 – 474.
Elmadmad, Khadidja, 2008, ‘Asylum in Islam and in Modern Refugee Law’, Refugee Survey Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 2, UNHCR, 51 – 63.
Hersi, Rahma, 2009, ‘A Value Oriented Legal Theory for Muslim Countries in the 21st Century: A Comparative Study of Both Islamic Law and Common Law System’, dalam: Cornell Law School Graduate Student Papers Series, No. 29.
Manuty, Muhammad Nur, 2008, ‘The Protection of Refugees in Islam: Pluralism and Inclusivity’, Refugee Survey Quarterly, vol. 27, No. 2, UNHCR, 24 – 29.
Rahaei, Saeid, ‘Rights of Refugee Women and Children in Islam’, FMR Islam, Human Rights and Displacement, 4 – 5.
Rahim, al-, Muddathir ‘Abd, 2008, ‘Asylum: A Moral and Legal Rights in Islam’, Refugee Survey Quarterly, vol. 27, No. 2, UNHCR, 15 – 23
Rane, Halim, 2013, ‘The Relevance of Maqashid Approach for Political Islam Post Arab Revolution’, Journal of Law and Religion, Vol. XXVIII, 489 – 520.
Smock, David R., ‘Ijtihad: Reinterpreting Islamic Principles for Twenty First Century’, dalam Special Report 125, United States Institute of Peace, Washington DC., 1 – 8
Turk, Volker, 2008, ‘Reflection on Asylum and Islam’, Refugee Survey Quarterly, vol. 27, No. 2, UNHCR, 7 – 14.
Zaat, Kirsten, 2007, ‘The Protection of Forced Migrants in Islamic Law’, Paper Research No. 146, Switzerland: UNHCR.
Zahraa, Mahdi, 2003, ‘Unique Islamic Law Methodology and the Validity of Modern Legal and Social Science Research Methods for Islamic Research’, Arab Law Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 3 / 4, 225 – 226
Peraturan Perundang-undangan:
Peraturan Direktorat Jederal Imigrasi Kementerian Hukum dan HAM Republik Indonesia Nomor IMI-1489.UM.08.05 tahun 2010 tentang penanganan imigran illegal
Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 125 tahun 2016 tentang Penanganan Pengungsi Luar Negeri di Indonesia
Resolusi OKI nomor 34/21 – P diadopsi oleh Konferensi ke-21 tingkat Menteri Organisasi Konferensi Islam, 25 – 29 April 1993, di Karachi, Pakistan
Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 37 tahun 1999 tentang Hubungan Luar Negeri
Situs Internet:
Veronica Koman, Indonesia Has Better Option for Refugee Issue, The Jakarta Post, http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/09/10/indonesia-has-better-option-refugee-issue.html, diakses pada tanggal 22 Desember 2018.
‘Asyur, Ibnu, 2001, MaqÄá¹£id al-SyarÄ«Ì•ah al-IslÄmiyah, ‘Amman: Dar al-Nafais.
‘Asyur, Muhammad al-ṬÄhir Ibnu, 2001, MaqÄá¹£id al-Syarī’ah al-IslÄmiyah, Muhammad ṬÄhir al-MesÄwÄ« (ed.), Yordan: DÄr al-NafÄis.
‘Aá¹á¹iya, Gamal al-Din, 2003, Nahwa Taf’īl MaqÄshid al-Syarī’ah, Damaskus: Dar al-Fikr.
Afkham, Mahnaz (ed.), 1995, Faith and Freedom: Women’s Human Rights in the Muslim World, Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
Al-Syatibi, Al-MuwÄfaqÄt fÄ« Uṣūl al-Syarī’ah, Vol. 1, 23, 37, Vol. 4, 327.
Arnout, Ghassan Maarof, 1987, ‘Asylum in the Arab Islamic Tradition’, Jenewa: UNHCR/ International Institute of Humanitarian Law.
Auda, Jasser, 2007, Maqashid al-Shariah as Philosophy of Islamic Law, A System Apparoach, Herndon: The International Institute of Islamic Thought.
Auda, Jasser, 2008, Maqashid al-Shariah: An Introductory Guide, Herndon: The International Institute of Islamic Thought.
Azizi, Qodri, 2003, Reformasi Bermazhab, Sebuah Ikhtiar Menuju Ijtihad Saintifik Modern, Jakarta: Penerbit Teraju.
Baderin, Mashood A., 2005, International Human Rights and Islamic Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Berger, Maurits S., 2013, Applying Shari’a in the West, Amsterdan: Leiden University Press.
Fasi, al-, ‘AllÄl, 1993, MaqÄá¹£id al-Syarī’ah al-IslÄmiyah wa MakÄrimuhÄ, Casabanca: DÄr al-Gharb al-IslÄmÄ«.
Fazlurrahman, 1984, Islam and Modernity: Transformation of an Intellectual Tradition, Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Ghazali, al-, Abu Hamid Muḥammad, 1994, al-Mustaá¹£fÄ min ‘Ilm al-Uṣūl, Vol. 2, Lebanon: DÄr al-Huda.
Hallaq, Wael B., 1997, A History of Islamic Legal Theories: An Interoduction to Sunni Uṣūl Al-Fiqh, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hallaq, Wael B., 2004, Authority, Continuity, and Change in Islamic Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Itmam, Sohibul, 2015, Positivisasi Hukum Islam di Indonesia, M. Harir Muzaki (ed.), Ponorogo: Stain Po Press.
Jabiri, al-, Mohammad Abed, 2009, Democracy, Human Rights and Law in Islamic Thought, New York: I.B. Tauris Publishers.
Jhering, Rudolf Von, 1913, Law as Means to an End, Isaac husik (trans.), Joseph E. Drake (ed.), Boston: The Boston Book Company.
Juwaini, al-, Al-ImÄm al-Ḥaramain AbÅ« al-Ma’Äli ‘Abd al-Malik ibn ‘Abd Allah, 1979, GhiyÄṡ al-Umam fÄ« IltiyÄṡ al-Ẓulam, Mustafa Helmy dan Fouad ‘Abd al Mon’eim Ahmed (eds.), Alexandria: DÄr al-Da’wah.
Kharoufa, ‘Ala al-Din, 1320 H, Falsafat al-Tasyrī’ al-IslÄmÄ« wa madÄ MusÄhamatihÄ tajÄh ‘Ilm al-QÄnÅ«n al-Mu’Äá¹£ir, Jeddah: Al-Ma’had al-Islami li-al-Buhust wa al-Tadrib.
Mahmassani, Subhi, 1961, Falsafat Tasyri’ al-Islami, Farhat J. Ziadeh (trans.), The Philosophy of Jurisprudence in Islam, Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Masud, Muhammad Khalid, 1973, Shatibi’s Philosophy of Islamic Law: An Analytical Study of Shatibi’s Concept of Maslaha in Relation to His Doctrine of Maqasid al-Shari’a with Particular Reference to the Problem of the Adaptibility of Islamic Legal Theory to Social Change, Ph.D. Thesis, Montreal: Institute of Islamic Studies McGill University.
Mawardi, Ahmad Imam, 2010, Fiqh Minoritas: Fiqh al-Aqalliyat dan EvolusiMaqashid al-Syari’ah dari Konsep ke Pendekatan, Yogyakarta: LKiS.
Mubarok, Jaih, 2006, ‘Interkoneksi Dalam Kajian Hukum Islam’, dalam Dudung Abdurahman (ed.), Sosial-Humniora dan Sains dalam Studi keislaman, Yogyakarta: Lembaga Penelitian UIN Sunan Kalijaga.
Raisuni, al-, Ahmad, 1999, Al-Fikr al-MaqÄá¹£idÄ« QawÄ’iduhu wa FawÄiduhu, Rabat: al-Zaman.
Raysuni, al-, Ahmad, 1999, Al-Fikr al-MaqÄá¹£idÄ« QawÄ’iduhu wa FawÄÊ»iduhu, Al-Dar al-Baydha: Matba’ah al-Najah al-Jadidah.
Raysuni, al-, Ahmad, 2013, MuhÄá¸arÄt fÄ« MaqÄá¹£id al-Syarī’ah, Kairo: Dar al-Kalima li Nasr wa al-tawzī’.
Raysuni, al-, Ahmad, 1990, NadhariyÄt al-MaqÄá¹£id ‘inda al-ImÄm al-SyÄá¹ibÄ«, Rabat: Dar al-Aman.
Raysuni, al-, Ahmad, 1995, NadhriyÄt al-MaqÄá¹£id ‘inda al-ImÄm al-SyÄá¹ibÄ«, Herndon: IIIT.
Shoukri, Arafat Madi, 2011, Refugee Status in Islam: Concept of Protection in Islamic Tradition and International Law, London dan New York: I.B. Tauris.
Suhrke, Astri, 1995, ‘Refugees and Asylum in the Muslim World’, dalam R. Cohen, The Cambridge Survey of World Migration, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sulayman, Abdul Hamid Abu, 1993, Towards an Islamic Theory of International Relations: New Directions for Methodology and Thought, Herndon, Virginia: IIIT.
Syatibi, al-, AbÅ« IsḥÄq, 2006, Al-muwÄfaqÄt fÄ« Uṣūl al-SyarÄ«Ê»ah, Kairo: al-Hay΄ah al-Miá¹£riyyah al-ʻĀmmah li al-KitÄb.
Umar, bin, ‘Umar bin Shalih, 2003, MaqÄá¹£id al-Syarī’ah ‘inda al-ImÄm al-‘Izz ibn ‘Abd al-Salam, Al-Urdun: Dar al-Nafais.
Wafa, Ahmed Abou, 2009, The Right to Asylum between Islamic Shari’ah and International Law Refugee, Riyadh: Naif Arab University for Security Science.
Zaydan, ‘Abd al-Karim, 1976, Al-Madkhal li DirÄsah al-Syarī’ah al-IslÄmiyah, Beirut: Mu’assasah al-Risalah.
Zubaida, Sami, 2005, Law and Power in the Islamic World, London dan New York: I.B. Tauris.
Jurnal:
Dusuki, Asyraf Wajdi, dan Said Bouheraoua, 2011, ‘The Framework of MaqÄá¹£id Al-SharÄ«Ê»ah (Objective of the Shari’ah) and its Implications for Islamic Finance’, Islam and Civilisation Renewal, Vol. 2, No. 2., International Institute of Advanced Islamic Studies.
Elmadmad, Khadidja, 1991, ‘An Arab Convention on Forced Migration: Desirability and posibilities’, International Journal of Refugee Law, Vol 3, no. 461, 467 – 474.
Elmadmad, Khadidja, 2008, ‘Asylum in Islam and in Modern Refugee Law’, Refugee Survey Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 2, UNHCR, 51 – 63.
Hersi, Rahma, 2009, ‘A Value Oriented Legal Theory for Muslim Countries in the 21st Century: A Comparative Study of Both Islamic Law and Common Law System’, dalam: Cornell Law School Graduate Student Papers Series, No. 29.
Manuty, Muhammad Nur, 2008, ‘The Protection of Refugees in Islam: Pluralism and Inclusivity’, Refugee Survey Quarterly, vol. 27, No. 2, UNHCR, 24 – 29.
Rahaei, Saeid, ‘Rights of Refugee Women and Children in Islam’, FMR Islam, Human Rights and Displacement, 4 – 5.
Rahim, al-, Muddathir ‘Abd, 2008, ‘Asylum: A Moral and Legal Rights in Islam’, Refugee Survey Quarterly, vol. 27, No. 2, UNHCR, 15 – 23
Rane, Halim, 2013, ‘The Relevance of Maqashid Approach for Political Islam Post Arab Revolution’, Journal of Law and Religion, Vol. XXVIII, 489 – 520.
Smock, David R., ‘Ijtihad: Reinterpreting Islamic Principles for Twenty First Century’, dalam Special Report 125, United States Institute of Peace, Washington DC., 1 – 8
Turk, Volker, 2008, ‘Reflection on Asylum and Islam’, Refugee Survey Quarterly, vol. 27, No. 2, UNHCR, 7 – 14.
Zaat, Kirsten, 2007, ‘The Protection of Forced Migrants in Islamic Law’, Paper Research No. 146, Switzerland: UNHCR.
Zahraa, Mahdi, 2003, ‘Unique Islamic Law Methodology and the Validity of Modern Legal and Social Science Research Methods for Islamic Research’, Arab Law Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 3 / 4, 225 – 226
Peraturan Perundang-undangan:
Peraturan Direktorat Jederal Imigrasi Kementerian Hukum dan HAM Republik Indonesia Nomor IMI-1489.UM.08.05 tahun 2010 tentang penanganan imigran illegal
Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 125 tahun 2016 tentang Penanganan Pengungsi Luar Negeri di Indonesia
Resolusi OKI nomor 34/21 – P diadopsi oleh Konferensi ke-21 tingkat Menteri Organisasi Konferensi Islam, 25 – 29 April 1993, di Karachi, Pakistan
Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 37 tahun 1999 tentang Hubungan Luar Negeri
Situs Internet:
Veronica Koman, Indonesia Has Better Option for Refugee Issue, The Jakarta Post, http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/09/10/indonesia-has-better-option-refugee-issue.html, diakses pada tanggal 22 Desember 2018.
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Published
28-11-2019
How to Cite
Yulianto, R. A. (2019). Kebijakan Penanganan Pengungsi di Indonesia Perspektif Maqasid al-Syari’ah. Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam, 13(2), 169–186. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v13i2.2460
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