Kepastian Epistemologi Hukum Islam: Kritik al-Syatibi terhadap Konsep Qat'iy - Zanniy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v7i1.573Keywords:
Abu Ishaq al-Syatibi, qat’i-zanni, kulliyyat, mutawatir, istiqra` ma’nawiAbstract
Sebagai salah satu tema penting dalam ushul fiqh, qat'iy-zanni menyentuh dimensi radikal dan fundamental dari pengetahuan akan hukum Islam. Hal-hal yang pasti dalam agama selama ini telah dirumuskan atas dasar konsep ini. Tulisan ini mendemonstrasikan kritik salah seorang teoritisi utama hukum Islam, Abu Ishaq al-Syatibi, terhadap konsepsi ortodoksi qat'iy-zanni. Dengan menerima faktor ihtimalat 'asyrah dan infirad dalam setiap dalil tekstual, al-Syatibi meragukan eksistensi qat'i versi ulama ushul. Penerimaan terhadap faktor-faktor tersebut tidak menjadikannya skeptis terhadap kepastian hukum Islam. Dalam tulisan ini ditunjukkan bagaimana al-Syatibi menganalisis secara kritis tiga kategori kepastian epistemik dalam hukum Islam, yaitu mutawatir lafzi, mutawatir ma'nawi, dan istiqra` ma'nawi. Dari ketiga kategori tersebut, al-Syatibi menerima dan menyokong dua kategori terakhir. Bahkan, ia secara ekstensif menunjukkan istiqra` ma'nawi sebagai sebagai jalan keluar atas problem epistemologis tersebut. Penggunaan bentuk kepastian terakhir ini menunjukkan keunikan tawaran epistemologis al-Syatibi dalam sejarah teori hukum Islam.Downloads
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Al-Baji, Abu al-Walid Sulayman ibn Khalaf. Kitab al-Hudud fi al-Usul. Tahqiq oleh Nazih Hammad. Beyrut: Mu`assasah al-Za'bi, 1973.
Brown, Jonathan A. C. "Did the Prophet Say it or Not? The Literal, Historical and Effective Truth of Hadith in Early Sunnism". Journal of the American Oriental Society, 129, 2, 2009.
Emon, Anver M. "To Most Likely Know the Law: Objectivity, Authority, and Interpretation in Islamic Law". Hebraic Political Studies, Vol. 4, No. 4, 2009.
Al-Farra`, Abu Ya'la Muhammad ibn Husayn. al-'Uddah fi Usul al-Fiqh, 5 jilid. Tahqiq oleh Ahmad ibn 'Ali ibn Ahmad Sayr al-Mubariki. Beyrut: Mu`assasah al-Risalah, 1980.
Al-Gazali, Abu Hamid. al-Mustasfa fi 'Ilm al-Usul. Tahqiq oleh Muhammad 'Abd al-Salam 'Abd al-Syafi. Beyrut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyyah, 2000.
Hallaq, Wael B. "On Inductive Corroboration, Probability, and Certainty in Sunni Legal Thaught". Dalam Islamic Law and Heer, Nicholas. Ed. Jurisprudence. London: University of Washington Press, 1990.
Heer, Nicholas. A History of Islamic Legal Theory: an Introduction to Sunni Usul al-Fiqh. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Al-Huli, Mahir Hamid. "al-Istiqra wa Dawruhu fi Ma’rifah Maqasid al-Syari’ 'inda al-Imam al-Syatibi". Majallah Jami'ah al-Azhar bi-Ghazzah, 12, 1 (2010).
Al-Iji, 'Adud al-Din. al-Mawaqif fi 'Ilm al-Kalam. Mekah: Dar al-Baz, t.t.
Al-Julaynd, Muhammad al-Sayyid dan al-Sayyid Rizq al-Hajr. Dirasat fi al-Mantiq wa Manahij al-Bahs. Kairo: Maktabah al-Zara', t.t.
Al-Juwayni, Imam al-Haramayn. al-Burhan fi Usul al-Fiqh, 2 jilid. Tahqiq oleh Salah ibn Muhammad ibn 'Uwaidah. Beyrut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyyah, 1997.
Kamal, Zainul. Kritik Ibn Taimiyyah terhadap Logika Aristoteles, disertasi tidak diterbitkan. Jakarta: Fakultas Pascasarjana IAIN Syarif Hidayatullah, 1995.
Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. Principles of Islamic Juriprudence. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, 1991.
Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. Shari'ah Law: an Introduction. Oxford: Oneworld, 2008.
Khallaf, 'Abd al-Wahhab. 'Ilm Usul al-Fiqh. Kuwait: Dar al-Qalam, 1978.
Al-Maqdisi, Ibn Qudamah. Raudah al-Nazir wa Junnah al-Manazir. Mekah: Maktabah Dar al-Baz, 1994.
Masud, Muhammad Khalid. Islamic Legal Philosophy: a Study of Abu Ishaq al-Syathib's Life and Thought. Delhi: International Islamic Publishers, 1989.
Al-Nasysyar, 'Ali Sami. Manahij al-Bahs 'inda Mufakkiri al-Islam wa Iktisyaf al-Manhaj al-'Ilmi fi al-'Alam al-Islami. Kairo: Dar al-Ma'arif, 1966.
Al-Raysuni, Ahmad. Nazariyyah al-Maqasid 'ind al-Imam al-Syatibi.
Herndon, Virginia: The International Institute of Islamic Thought, 1995.
Rofii, Ahmad. "Sistematisasi Doktrin Hukum Islam: Signifikansi Prinsip Hukum dalam Pemikiran Hukum al-Syatibi". Jurnal Hukum dan Ekonomi Islam Mahkamah. Vol. 7, No. 7, Juni 2008.
Safi, Louay. The Foundation of Knowledge: a Comparative Study of Islamic and Western Methodology of Inquiry. Selangor: IIU Malaysia, 1996.
Shihab, M. Quraish. Membumikan al-Qur'an: Fungsi dan Peran Wahyu dalam Kehidupan Masyarakat. Bandung: Mizan, 1992.
Al-Syatibi, Abu Ishaq. al-I'tisam, 2 jilid. Tahqiq oleh Ahmad 'Abd al-Syafi. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyyah, 1995.
Al-Syatibi, Abu Ishaq. al-Muwafaqat fi Usul al-Syari'ah, 4 jilid. Tahqiq oleh 'Abd Allah Darraz. Beyrut: Dar al-Ma'rifah, 1975.
Al-'Ubaidi, Hammadi. al-Syatibi wa Maqasid al-Syari'ah. Beyrut: Dar Qutaybah, 1992.
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How to Cite
Rofii, A. (2013). Kepastian Epistemologi Hukum Islam: Kritik al-Syatibi terhadap Konsep Qat’iy - Zanniy. Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam, 7(1), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v7i1.573
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